Media and Society Essay -- Papers

Media and Society Does society impact media or does media impact society? In a current world, reliant on consistent correspondence this is a very significant inquiry. In the event that the world were not reliant on correspondence over huge separations, tutoring on a mass premise would not be conceivable or on the other hand fundamental. Most information in customary societies was neighborhood information, (Geertz 1983) conventions that were gone on through a nearby network, an exceptionally moderate and protracted procedure. Today we live in the Entire World in a way that would have been unfathomable to any individual who lived before the nineteenth century. [IMAGE] We are presently mindful of news and circumstances a huge number of miles away, all because of e-interchanges making such mindfulness practically quick in the 21st Century. Fast exchanges and e-correspondences have significantly heightened worldwide dispersion of data. (Anthony Giddens Human science 1995) [IMAGE] Society today adores stories created by broad communications; unexpected demise, embarrassment, and upbeat endings enter our ...

Save The Animals! Essays - Animal Welfare, Animal Rights, Animal Law

Spare The Animals! Do you have any thought what number of creatures are slaughtered every year to make sure we will have seemingly insignificant details that we don't require and that are not necessities? As well numerous to put it gently. Very nearly 2 million creatures are murdered every year for their hide, for use in tests, and for beautifications for people! Not exclusively is that brutality to creatures, however that is unfeeling and ought to be unlawful! That is a shock! In 1998, more than 10,263,600 creatures were sold for tests in Japan. These creatures incorporate 20,000 mutts, 2,000 felines, 1,600 monkeys, 160,000 bunnies, 80,000 hamsters, 3,000,000 rodents, and 7,000,000 mice. Japan doesn't have national level control. We have to locate an option in contrast to killing these powerless creatures. In the year 2000, more than 5,300,000 creatures were imported to Japan for their hide. These creatures incorporate 600,000 minks, 400,000 foxes, 3,000,000 hares and 1,300,000 goats and sheep. One technique for slaughtering these poor creatures is that they are gotten, reared, and slaughtered. They typically just live a half year which is not adequate. They ought to have the option to live full, free lives without the concern of being pursued and slaughtered. Different techniques for executing these creatures are very barbarous, for example, electric shock of butt-centric. We have to quit executing these wonderful animals only for their hide when we can utilize the choices, for example, counterfeit hide. They have the right to live full lives like God planned them to. They merit better than this brutality. Such a large number of creatures are additionally slaughtered for enhancements for people. Turtles, elephants, and tigers are slaughtered still alive. That is silly! We can discover other choices as opposed to hurting these great animals for our advantage. What is the advantage in losing things that God made? He made these creatures for a reason and in the event that he needed them to kick the bucket, he would take them when he thinks they are prepared, not when we choose we need such things as a coat! Out and out, more than 15,563,600 creatures are executed every year for their hide, tests, or to make designs! That is more than 15,563,600 too much! In the event that we try not to stop this madness, numerous creatures may become imperiled and some may indeed, even become wiped out! They have the same amount of option to live on this planet as we do. They are a piece of the hover of life simply like us people. Despite the fact that you may think we are prevalent creatures you are incorrect, on the grounds that we are equivalent to each and every other living thing. It isn't right to slaughter any living thing, it even says so in the Ten Commandments! It doesn't state that it is alright to execute anything besides people, it says, Thou Shall Not Kill and we ought not hurt grand manifestations of our own Mother Nature which without her we would not be here anyway. An excessive number of creatures are being hurt and even slaughtered for our advantage furthermore, we have to stop this before it gets considerably increasingly wild. You can help have any kind of effect. Creature Science

Professional Websites Need a Better Research Paper Template

Professional Websites Need a Better Research Paper TemplateCopying and pasting a template of a Research Paper PDF format onto a webpage that you write on is okay, however, it should only be used for short-term use. If you want to create a more professional-looking website that allows you to submit your work and get a large following of people to read it, then you need to learn how to make a research paper from scratch. Here's why.While many internet users prefer to download a Template of a Research Paper PDF and then use this paper as a guideline when creating their own. However, this practice often leads to the file being difficult to open, and sometimes not even fully readable. As you will discover, the research paper needs to be formatted correctly in order to receive an acceptable response. There are some important considerations to make.In order to be considered effective, the research paper has to have its content organized correctly, and without any gaps. Most computer softwar e packages will attempt to convert your paper into an unformatted file format, but can only show your hard work in paper form. Using a third-party tool can allow you to transform your paper into a form that a program like Word or Publisher can view properly.This type of formatting is essential to ensure that your research paper appears professionally. Your quality writing style needs to be represented in this format, and any room for error is eliminated. No other format can reflect your style as effectively as a research paper formatted from scratch. It will be easier for the reader to access your ideas, and they will be able to understand the flow of your article.You might also think about converting the Research Paper PDF into a Word document. This will make it easier for you to customize the layout of your template. Since the formatting features are already present, you won't have to take the time to find a template that is designed specifically for your needs. As long as your re search paper template is in a format that allows you to use a third-party format converter, you can customize it easily and quickly.Another benefit to using a template is that you can modify it as you go along, rather than having to start over and re-do the research paper altogether. While it may seem easy to turn your template into another template, this method isn't always recommended because the original template is easily lost or damaged if the research paper is accidentally dropped on the floor. A template will prevent this scenario from occurring.When you convert your research paper from PDF to Word format, you will have the freedom to create a well-designed, easily understandable article. Once you're done with the research paper, you can save it as a PDF and view it as often as you want. In this way, you can maintain consistency and reputation with your content and allow others to continue to rely on you for their material.You will find that by converting your PDF into an eas ily readable word document, you will be able to create professional content that can benefit thousands of potential readers. By starting fresh, and turning your research paper into a template, you can customize your output to match your style and personal taste. This will create an atmosphere that is very comfortable for readers, and they will look forward to reading your new research paper.

Irony in the Story of an Hour and Araby - 2929 Words

Irony is a useful device for giving stories many unexpected twists and turns. In Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour, irony is used as an effective literary device. Situational irony is used to show the reader that what is expected to happen sometimes doesnt. Dramatic irony is used to clue the reader in on something that is happening that the characters in the story do not know about. Irony is used throughout Chopins The Story of an Hour through the use of situational irony and the use of dramatic irony. A very dull and boring story can be made into a great story simply by adding in something that is unexpected to happen. When the unexpected is used in literature it is known as irony. An author uses irony to shock the reader by†¦show more content†¦Into this atmosphere of spiritual paralysis the boy bears, with blind hopes and romantic dreams, his encounter with first love. In the face of ugly, drab reality-amid the curses of laborers, jostled by drunken men and bargaining women-he carries his aunts parcels as she shops in the market place, imagining that he bears, not parcels, but a chalice through a throng of foes. The noises converged in a single sensation of life and in a blending of Romantic and Christian symbols he transforms in his mind a perfectly ordinary girl into an enchanted princess: untouchable, promising, saintly. Setting in this scene depicts the harsh, dirty reality of life which the boy blindly ignores. The contrast between the real and the boys dreams is i ronically drawn and clearly foreshadows the boys inability to keep the dream, to remain blind. The boys final disappointment occurs as a result of his awakening to the world around him. The tawdry superficiality of the bazaar, which in his mind had been an Oriental enchantment, strips away his blindness and leaves him alone with the realization that life and love differ from the dream. Araby, the symbolic temple of love, is profane. The bazaar is dark and empty; it thrives on the same profit motive as the market place (two men were counting money on a salver); love is represented as an empty, passing flirtation. Araby is a story of first love; even more, it is a portrait of a world that defiesShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of Araby By James Joyce1293 Words   |  6 PagesAraby is a short story written by James Joyce. Who lived from 1882 to 1941. Quit Ireland at twenty and spend his life writing about Dublin, where he was born. The main character of this story is a young boy, who is portrayed by the first-person narrator, whose name and age is unknown. Probably his age would be about 11 to 14 years old. Also, the narrator lives with his aunt and uncle, and goes to school, which gives us an idea that he is unable to live by himself. This short story is basicallyRead MoreJames Joyce - Araby Essay1136 Words   |  5 PagesJoyce’s story â€Å"Araby† Many times in life, people set unrealistic expectations for themselves or for other people. This is not a very wise thing to do because people often feel disappointed and embarrassed for getting their hopes up so high. One good example of this is the narrator in the short story â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce. In his brief but complex story James Joyce concentrates on character rather than on plot to reveal the ironies within self-deception. On its simplest level, Araby is a storyRead More Symbolism in A Good Man is Hard to Find and Araby Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism In the short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, by Flannery OConnor, every object including the characters are symbols. The Grandmother for example is the one and only dynamic character, represents all of us who have had to feel grief or needed to ask for forgiveness. As Flannery OConnor has suggested, the story is a spiritual journey because of the Grandmothers quandaries. In the beginning of the story the Grandmother is obsessed with everything worldly and superficial. She caresRead MoreJoyces Araby: a Double Focus Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesBoy or Man: the Double Focus On one hand Araby is a story of initiation, of a boys quest for the ideal. Although the quest ends in failure, it results in an inner awareness and the boys first step into manhood. On another hand the story consists of a grown mans remembered experience, for the story is told in retrospect by a man who reflects back to a particular moment of intense meaning and insight. James Joyces fascinating double focus: the boys first experience, and the mans reflectionRead MoreEng 211 Short Story Questions and Answers4549 Words   |  19 PagesQuestions 1. What is the relationship between Vanessa and Piquette, and how does this relationship change? Vanessas feelings towards Piquette change from discomfort to curiosity to embarrassment. 2. How are the Metis represented in the story? â€Å"if that half-breed youngster comes along to Diamond Lake, Im not going† (188) Vanessas images of Natives are drawn solely from literature, and these representations are only superficially positive. When Piquette doesnt reveal natures secretsRead MoreEssay on James Joyces Araby3507 Words   |  15 PagesJames Joyces Araby I doubt there are book logs that commence with a note directing a reader, specifically you, even though I get the impression from Mr. Little to whom riding between pairs of glasses suggesting that in order to gather a bounty against my beloved head I must be obliged to fathoming on how to receive topic sentences with cradling arms and craters of dimples (have to love formalities, even of those lolling head-stumps, after all, it keeps NATO all triteRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesliterature—stories grow out of other stories, poems out of other poems. b. There is only one story—of humanity and human nature, endlessly repeated c. â€Å"Intertexuality†Ã¢â‚¬â€recognizing the connections between one story and another deepens our appreciation and experience, brings multiple layers of meaning to the text, which we may not be conscious of. The more consciously aware we are, the more alive the text becomes to us. d. If you don’t recognize the correspondences, it’s ok. If a story is no goodRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesmay prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fictionRead MoreLecture on Short Story5432 Words   |  22 PagesThe short story Narrative genres, such as the novel or the short story, are born out of the very powerful human need to tell stories, out of our fundamental desire to give shape to experience in order to understand it and share it with the community. Through story telling early communities made sense of natural phenomena, unexpected events, and personal experience. Storytelling enabled them to pass on valuable information and to keep the memory of their ancestors alive down the generations. Storytelling

Affirmative Action Should Not Have Any Real Benefits

Affirmative action does not have any real benefits; on the contrary, it is detrimental to both minorities and students who would be passed over in favor of minorities. It runs contrary to the spirit of different treatment based on race. Any system where employees or students are selected based on race, and not qualifications, is deficient. All college and hiring criteria should be based solely on academic achievement, not any kind of racial preference. There are 3 major institutions that affirmative action must be addressed in: college, the private work sector, and government. The best method for selecting college applicants is by academic achievements. It is simple, objective, and is the most sensible. It is logical to accept the highest-performing students because they can benefit the most. Affirmative action disrupts this by giving minorities a preference based on their race and not ability. This creates the possibility of a minority being selected over a more qualified â€Å"non -minority†, or a student being rejected simply for not being a minority, something that has happened before. A notable instance of this was Fisher v University of Texas, 2013, where student Abigail Fisher sued the school after her application was rejected. Fisher alleged that she was turned down due to the fact that she was white and not a minority. Although the court ruled against her twice, the high-profile case shows how intrusive the issue has become. We should eliminate the need for costly andShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action : The Case For Abolition1638 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative Action: The Case for Abolishment America is founded on the belief that all citizens are free to pursue their ambitions regardless of race, color, creed, or national origin. Yet, for the last fifty years, Affirmative Action has created an educational and work environment less focused on equality and more focused on ethnicity. There is no benefit for the United States to enforce Affirmative Action for minorities in educational and employment opportunities and equal treatment, because itRead More Affirmative Action Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages The roots of Affirmative Action can be traced back to the passage of the Civil Rights Act where legislation redefined public and private behavior. The act states that to discriminate in private is legal, but anything regarding business or public discrimination is illegal. There are two instances when opposing affirmative action might seem the wrong thing to do. The nobility of the cause that help others. Affirmative Action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The mostRead MoreAffirmative Action and the Disabled: Should Disabled Veterans Receive Preferential Treatment in Hiring Decisions?1028 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action and the Disabled: Should Disabled Veterans Receive Preferential Treatment in Hiring Decisions? When people think of affirmative action programs, they generally think of programs that give preference to candidates based on gender or race. However, one of the most vital affirmative action programs in the United States is the Disabled Veterans Affirmative Action Program (DVAAP). Under these programs, agencies are not only required to give preferential treatment to disabled veteransRead MoreCollege Admissions Vs. Affirmative Action1536 Words   |  7 PagesCollege Admissions Race â€Å"Congratulations! You have been granted admissions to one of the most prestigious universities in the world and have been chosen from among hundreds of thousands of applicants to attend our university.† These are the sentences that every high school senior dreams of seeing, however, it has become a more difficult task as the college admissions process has become increasingly competitive. Complicating the admissions situation is the fact that most elite universities give extraRead MoreThe Unethical Nature of Affirmative Action Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of race is not supported by factual evidences. The color of the skin does not have any relevance to the physical and intellectual capacity of an individual. History tells of how people fabricated race for political purposes, to instill obedience upon those they struggled to dominate. That is not the case today. People of color are now protected under the law; they are entitled to equal opportunities with th e white. On the other hand, there are people who appear to overdo their observanceRead More Affirmative Action needs to be Changed not Ended Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative action: Should it be mended or ended? Affirmative action is an attempt to correct unequal distribution of benefits (status, income and wealth, power and authority), and burdens associated with ethnic and gender differences. Affirmative action has been promoted by the Federal government since the mid 1960s, when president Lyndon B. Johnson ordered federal contractors to adopt affirmative action plans. (Congress and the Nation, 748). This paper will focus on the relevance of affirmativeRead More Affirmative Action - We Should Not Forget Americas Racist Past1486 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action - We Should Not Forget Americas Racist Past Affirmative Action has become of the most controversial social policy issues to be discussed in recent years. It is controversial because it challenges fundamental American beliefs. As Seymour Martin Lipset put it: Affirmative Action policies have forced a sharp confrontation between two core American values: equality and individualism.(Dudley7) This values oriented approach, which pervades popular discussion and derives fromRead More Affirmitive Action Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pages Affirmative Action is the name given to programs that try to correct past and ongoing discriminations against women, racial minorities, and others in the work force and in education. The principal goal of Affirmative Action is to create more diversity and equal opportunities in jobs or schools that used to be all or mostly male, white, or both. Affirmative Action programs have been in place only a little over thirty years. Affirmative action works. There are thousands of examples of situations whereRead MoreAn Argument Against Affirmative Action Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesPaved with Good Intentions: An Argument Against Affirmative Action Out of the jaws of civil war, the new United States had emerged. Broken and burning and minus 620,000 men, a new challenge lay before the nation: social equality. How would we address the sickening grievances endured by these African American now-citizens? That question has hallmarked fiery debates from dinner tables all the way to the Supreme Court for more than a century. During the Civil Rights Movement, millions of American citizensRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity ( Eeo ), Affirmative Action And Diversity Initiatives Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesEqual Employment Opportunity (EEO), Affirmative Action and Diversity initiatives are three different concepts. However, they do have an inter-relation between them. Affirmative Action plans are initiated by the federal government. This programme ensures equal opportunities for employment and opportunities for self-development at workplace. It provides opportunities to qualified individuals who have been denied such opportunities i n the past on some kind of discrimination. Primarily, it is a quota

Les Paul Free Essays

Thesis Statement Within the very foundation of rock, blues, jazz and pop, the very same inventions of Les Paul denotes guitar-heavy music with an extreme debt owed to him.   Les Paul guitar models, Telecaster and the Gibson, are the most popular electric guitars among rock performers. The effects have been wide ranging, from rock and rolls Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia to legendary jazz great Duke Ellington, Les Paul has had a profound influence on musicians not only in the United States but around the world as they listened to his records and copied his style. We will write a custom essay sample on Les Paul or any similar topic only for you Order Now The history of the modern jazz guitar began with many who played with Benny Goodman, (In Los Angeles in 1942, Les played with Nat King Cole on â€Å"Blues†). During his years on the main jazz scene, he revolutionized guitar playing. To be sure, there were guitarists with a longer history but it almost seems as if there are two different types of guitars.   What played before Les Paul and what played after he finished. Before Paul, the guitar was essentially an instrument of rhythm and harmonic accompaniment. Paul was known interestingly enough to develop guitar leads as he was simply creating the sound of many guitars and singers from one guitar and one voice. From the development of the electric guitar to the tape recorder were all possible only through the innovative vision of Les Paul.   Paul’s ingenious overdubbing or layered construction process of recording music was revolutionary. Les Paul Examining the development of original American music, whether it’s blues, country, jazz or rock, the reader has found, intertwined that in American music all roads lead to the guitar which in turn leads to Les Paul. Like all ironies of the truth, Les Paul’s interest in music began at age eight with an interest in the harmonica.   It’s been said the inspiration came from a Waukesha ditch digger. Even though he played the piano professionally, his formal musical training consisted of a few unsuccessful piano lessons. A bad automobile accident in Oklahoma in January 1948 almost silenced his music forever.  Ã‚   He could not play the guitar for a year and a half.   It also gave him two choices; the first was to have the arm amputated or have the right arm set at a permanent right angle suitable for guitar playing.   Clearly he chose the latter. Les Paul is the most significant contributor in the development of modern electric instruments and recording technology. Paul has lead the way in the development of the Gibson Les Paul guitar, bearing his name; the solid-body electric guitar.   This concept was developed under his design. To this day, the Gibson is one of the most well known and market tested models that still stands up as an excellent product.   On merits of its own that would satisfy as a single most important contribution to the music industry, Les Paul also the developed the multi-track recording process and various reverb and echo effects. Technically, the guitar is a fretted, stringed instrument, and is a member of the lute family.   Originating from Persia, the instrument reached Spain during the 12th century. Through the years, the guitar has shown versatility as both a solo and accompanying instrument. In essence, Paul was unsatisfied by the electric guitars available in the mid 1930s so he began to experiment with the design the basic guitar. The product solved two main problems for guitar players; the â€Å"feedback† and â€Å"sustain† issues, respectively. Les Paul designed and constructed one of the first solid-body electric guitars in 1941.   Based on Paul’s designed in the early 1950’s, the Gibson Guitar Corporation of Nashville, Tennessee designed a guitar integrating Paul’s properties. Subsequently, the company and Paul got together and professional relationship was established. Hence, what is now known as the â€Å"Les Paul† model was born. Originally it was developed only in a â€Å"gold top† version which was the central part of the agreement between Paul and Gibson.   However there were a few rough spots along the way between the two entities. Gibson Les Pauls were modified by the company over the years and clearly Paul always preferred to oversee the process.   But in the end Paul resumed his relationship with Gibson, and endorses the instrument even today. To this day, the Gibson Les Paul guitar is used all over the world, both by novice and professional guitarists. Multi-track recording In an experiment that bean in Les Paul’s garage, Paul played eight different parts on electric guitar, some of them recorded at half-speed, hence â€Å"double-fast† when played back at normal speed for the master. Paul would record a track onto a disk, and then record himself playing another part with the first. This was the first time that multi-tracking had been used in a recording. Capitol Records released the recording â€Å"Brazil† in 1947. â€Å"As multi-track recording gradually became standard practice in rock, the distinction between recording and mixing as separate stages of a project grew. It is not uncommon at the mixing stage to move a project to a different studio or to hand over recorded tracks to a new engineer. (Zak, pg 128) Making records is intrinsically a collaborative creative process, involving the efforts of a team whose members interact in various ways. Because of Les Paul’s the â€Å"artist† is mostly the tasks involved in making a record. Pre and post production has become the foundation to many artists’ careers, once again thanks to Les Paul. Without equal, even within today’s music industry a legacy of innovations has been handed down by Les Paul and taken up by Van Halen, Joe Satriani and Steve Vai’s playing and guitar designs as they too help to redefine the instrument. (Bennett, pg 7) Les Paul has had a staggeringly life long influence over the way American and world popular music has sounded over the last 5 generations.   Even today the influence is honored and recognized and as on of the most significant impact upon the jazz, blues, rock, hip hop music worlds. What seems most striking about Les Paul, even at the age of 91, is how he has bridged popular music-making and technology. Paul touches on what will be central issues in the aesthetics of production and reception in pop: relations between the performers’s body and instrument, how sounds are attached to instruments and the way musical sounds. And because of him, in homes that could scarcely afford furniture of any kind, let alone a piano, the heart of the musician, found its outlet wood or metal across which a few wire strings. Reference(s) Zak III, Albin J.  Ã‚   The Poetics of Rock: Cutting Tracks, Making Records. Publisher: University of California Press. Place of Publication: Berkeley, CA. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 128. Bennett, Andy Guitar Cultures Publisher: Berg. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 7.             How to cite Les Paul, Essay examples

Stepping Into The Fourth Dimension Essay Example For Students

Stepping Into The Fourth Dimension Essay Imagine going to a magic show, where the worlds top ranked magicians gather todazzle their wide-eyed crowd. Some would walk through jet turbines, others woulddecapitate their assistants only to fuse them back together, and others would transformpearls into tigers. However, with each of these seemingly impossible stunts, there isalways a catch. A curtain will fall momentarily; a door will shut; the lights will go out; alarge cloud of smoke will fill the room, or a screen will hide what is truly going on. Then,a very different magician comes on, and performs stunts like entering a closed box withoutopening any doors, and placing a mouse in a sealed bottle without removing the cork. These do not seem very extravagant compared to the amazing feats other magicians pulloff, but what leaves the crowd completely baffled is the fact that he does these trickswithout placing a handkerchief over his hand, or doing it so fast the crowd misses what isgoing on. To perform the mouse-in-the-bottle tr ick, he shows the mouse in his hand,slowly twists it in a strange manner, and right before your eyes, his hand completelydisappears! A few instants later his hand reappears inside the bottle, holding the mouse. There seem to be two parts of his arm; one in the bottle, and one out. His arm lookssevered, yet he has complete control of his fingers inside the bottle. The hand lets go ofthe mouse, and again vanishes from inside the bottle, and reconstitutes itself on themagicians arm. He pulled it off candidly, without the smoke and mirrors. Everything thatwas seen actually happened. This magician, breaking the tradition of fooling the audiencewith illusions, used cutting edge knowledge of higher-dimensional science to perform thismarvel. He sent his arm outside of 3-D space, twisted it in the fourth dimension, andplaced it back into the bottle. The fourth dimension is not time, but an extra direction, justlike left, right, up, down, forward, and backwards. This magician has used the fou rthdimension for entertainment purposes. However, the fourth dimension has other, morepractical uses and applications in the realm of mathematics, geometry, as well asastrophysics, and holds the explanation to such natural phenomena as gravity andelectromagnetism. We will write a custom essay on Stepping Into The Fourth Dimension specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To this day, many scientists and other people accept time as being the fourthdimension. This notion is completely absurd. Time does play an important role in thedescription of an object, but it is incorrect to perceive it as a dimension. Mass, volume,color, state, and frequency are all components used to describe an object, be it matter,wave or energy, but they are not dimensions. The three spatial dimensions known to usare used to describe where an object is in 3-D space, while mass, volume, color, etc.,describe how it is. Describing when it is would be done using time, and saying time is adimension would be like saying that mass is a dimension, which is incorrect. Dimensionsare reserved to tell where an object is, and all other components of its description areentirely separate. Time has been confused as being the fourth dimension for severalreasons. It seems to have first been referred to as such in H.G. Wells The Time Machine,which came out in the late 19th Century. Equivalents t o the 2-D ordered pair (x,y) havebeen used to describe a point either in 2-D space (x,y,t), or in 3-D space (x,y,z,t). Astrange inconsistency is that the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd dimensions all need the dimension belowthem, while time does not: a 3-D (3 axes) world cannot exist without first having a 2-Dplane (2 axes), and a 2-D plane cannot exist without first having a 1-D (1 axis) line; but apoint on a 1-D line can exist in time, which would make time 2-D. In this situation, time isthe second dimension, the t-axis. If it is well accepted that time is the fourth dimension,the t-axis, how is it that in this situation time is the second dimension, which is wellconfirmed as being the y-axis? How can time simultaneously be the t-axis and the y-axis? It cant. They are two separate aspects of the object and cannot be the same. Time is avery important factor of an objects description, but it cannot be considered a dimension. If time is not a dimension, and more specifically, not the fourth dimen sion, thenwhat is? Understanding the fourth dimension to its full extent is beyond the power of thehuman mind, but we can infer what the fourth dimension might be by drawing connectionsbetween the three dimensions we are familiar with. When jumping from one dimension tothe next, we add an extra axis, or two new directions. Lets examine the first dimension,consisting of the x-axis. It has two directions: left and right. The basic infinite unit for thefirst dimension is a line, its basic finite unit is a segment. When jumping to the seconddimension, we add another axis (y), thereby adding two new directions: up and down. The basic infinite unit for the second dimension is a plane, its basic finite unit is a square. Moving on to the third dimension, we add one more axis (z), creating two moredirections: forward and backward. The basic infinite unit for the third dimension is space,and its basic finite unit is a cube. So far, the elements discussed have been easy for thehuman mind to un derstand, since the standard of the universe is in three dimensions, andconcepts less than or equal to human capabilities can easily be understood; however, it isdifficult to deal with anything greater. As can be noticed, there are very distinct patternsand steps that are constant when increasing the dimensional value: basically it is adding anaxis that is mutually perpendicular to all previous axes. By adding a z-axis, all three linesjoin together at a single point, all forming right angles to each other. With this template,describing the fourth dimension becomes easier. When progressing to the fourthdimension, one more axis would be added (call it w); this will create two new directions(call these w+ and w-), which are impossible for a 3-D mind to visualize. The basic infiniteunit of the fourth dimension is hyperspace (4-D space), and its basic finite unit is ahypercube (a 4-D cube). In hyperspace, it is possible to have four axes joining at a singlepoint, all forming right angles to each other. This seems absolutely incredulous; four axescan never meet perpendicularly! This is a 3-D mind speaking again. Two perpendicularaxes are impossible obtain on a line, and three perpendicular axes are impossible to obtainon a plane. Four perpendicular axes are impossible to obtain in 3-D space, which is why itcant be visualized; but it is easily obtained in four-dimensional hyperspace. Hyperspace seems extremely theoretical, without many solid facts with which toback it up. But it is surprising how many factors and phenomena lean towards the fourthdimension for an explanation. Mathematically, geometrically, and physically, hyperspacemysteriously connects into a radiant harmony of completeness. Geometrically, hyperspace makes sense; it all fits together. Going back to thebasic finite unite of the fourth dimension, the hypercube, lets draw some connections withthe lower dimensions. To better understand the following paragraph, refer to appendix Afor a visualization of these concepts. Moving even before the first dimension, letsexamine the zeroth: A point. It has no directions, meaning it has no infinite unit, just afinite one: the point. To convert a point into a segment, (1-D finite unit) you wouldduplicate the point (0-D unit) and project it into the added x-axis. Then, connect thevertices; you get a segment, a 1-D finite unit. To convert a segment into a square, (2-Dfinite unit) you would duplicate the segment (1-D unit) and project it into the addedy-axis. Then, connect the 4 vertices; you get a square, a 2-D finite unit, composed of foursegments all sharing common vertices (points) with their 2 perpendicular segments. Toconvert a square into a cube, (3-D finite unit) yo u would duplicate the square (2-D unit)and project it into the added z-axis. Then, connect the 8 vertices; you get a cube, a 3-Dfinite unit composed of six squares all sharing common edges (segments) with their 4perpendicular squares. Making the jump to the hypercube is no different. To convert acube into a hypercube, (4-D finite unit) you would duplicate the cube (3-D unit) andproject it into the added w-axis. Then, connect the 16 vertices; you get a hypercube, a4-D finite unit composed of eight cubes all sharing common faces (squares) with their 6perpendicular squares (Newbold). This boggles the mind. No 3-D human could ever seea hypercube, because a hypercube cannot exist in a 3-D world just as a cube cannot existon a 2-D plane; a plane is missing two directions necessary to allow the cube to exist. Our3-D world is missing two directions necessary to allow a hypercube to exist. .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .postImageUrl , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:hover , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:visited , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:active { border:0!important; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:active , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dell case EssayAnother way to attempt to visualize the hypercube is by using tesseracts. Figure 1in the diagram depicts six two-dimensional squares, arranged in a cross-shaped alignment. The two outer squares can be folded up via the third dimension; next, the other squarescan also fold up, forming the fundamental finite unit of the third dimension: the cube. Similarly, Figure 2 depicts the three-dimensional version of the cross, the tesseract, whichconsists of eight cubes forming a cross-like object. Just like the cross was an unfoldedcube, the tesseract is an unfolded hypercube. The two outer cubes can be folded up viathe fourth dimension; next, the other cubes also fold up, forming the fundamental finiteunit of the fourth dimension: the hypercube (Kaku 71). This is of course impossible tovisualize, even imagine, with a three dimension mind. Imagine a two-dimensional personliving on a plane. He could see the six squares that form the cross, but he could nevereven fathom having the squares fold up into a dimension greater than his own. It isimpossible for him to even imagine it. Visualizing this fold-up is very easy for us, with3-D minds. However, visualizing a tesseract folding up into a hypercube defies humancomprehension. The hypercube is probably the most easy four-dimensional concept to understand. Yet it is not alone in 4-D geometry. In fact, discovering the fourth dimension opens uppossibilities for scores of new shapes and forms, that were never possible on a plane or inspace (Koch). The circle, triangle, and square are very familiar to us. They form nice,simple equations when expressed mathematically, and are the basis of many natural objectsin todays world. On a two-dimensional plane, a square and a circle must always beseparate. A merger of the two is impossible. Looking a step higher, throughthree-dimensional eyes, combining a square and a circle is simple: the result is a threedimensional cylinder. Thus we see that different two dimensional objects can combine inthe third dimension to create a unified shape. Other examples of merging shapes are: acircle and a triangle form a cone, a triangle and a square form a pyramid, inversely, thesquare and the triangle form a prism, the triangle and the circle form a three-cornereddome, and the square and the circle form a four-cornered dome. From these examplesseveral conclusions can be drawn. Every two-dimensional shape needs two axes to exist. By merging these shapes, one of them occupies the x-axis alone, one occupies the y-axisalone, but they share positions on the z-axis. If this is true, then three two-dimensionalshapes can merge in the fourth dimension, or one 3-D object and one 2-D object can. Forexample, a 3-D sphere and a 2-D triangle can merge in the fourth dimension, making it ahypercone. It is simultaneously a sphere and a triangle, just as a cone is simultaneously acircle and a triangle. Another aspect of the fourth dimension is found in geometrys roots: mathematics. Using exponents, we can raise the dimensional value of a number. Take the number 3, forexample. The number 3, like any other number, is one-dimensional. It be madetwo-dimensional by squaring it; 32 = 9. Thus we see that 9 is the one-dimensional valuefor two-dimensional 3. A one-dimensional value can not only be squared (raised to thesecond power), but it could just as easily be cubed. 33 = 27. From this we infer that 27 isthe one-dimensional value of three-dimensional 3. Any number can also be raised to thefourth power; it would make just as much sense to call it hypercubing a number, just asraising to the second or third powers is squaring or cubing. In math, multidimensionalreasoning is very easy and simple, since it doesnt require visualization. However, every mathematical equation can be expressed visually using a graph. Most commonly, a two-dimensional graph is used to express equations that include twovariables, and x and a y. This draws a line on the graph, on which every points x and yvalue can be inserted into the equation, and have both sides of the equation balance out. For equations dealing with three variables, a three-dimensional graph can be used tovisualize it, using x, y, and z coordinates. Using this model, an equation sporting fourvariables can easily be obtained (Guarino). It would only make sense to be able to visuallyexpress this equation using a four-dimensional graph. But this leads to a great problem. This is a three-dimensional world, and it lacks the two directions necessary to allow thefourth axis to exist. Fortunately, there is a way to represent the fourth dimension usingjust three. This is done by faking the fourth dimension using what is available in threedimensions. To explain this, lets have a look at the dimensions that we can understand. just as a hypercube cannot exist in space, a cube cannot exist on a flat, two-dimensionalsurface. However, using an artists trick called perspective, the third dimension canfaked on a flat piece of paper. Note the cube in figure 3. It appears very normal to us,as we are used to seeing three-dimensional objects shown on two-dimensional medium. Inanalyzing its structure, we note that a cube is composed of six squares. However, thereare not six squares on figure 3s cube. There are only two: square ABDC and squareEFHG (see fig 4 A). The other four shapes that comprise this cube are actuallyparallelograms that are representing full squares skewed through three-dimensionalperspective (see fig 4 B).In 3-space, angle EAB is 90o , however, in two-space, on thisflat representation, angle EAB is about 135o. Therefore, if a three-dimensional object canbe represented by faking in the second dimension, it would only be right that afour-dimensional ob ject could be faked in our 3-D world. This is done by first havingthree lines joining at point all forming right angles to each other, then adding another linegoing through that point. It wouldnt really matter at what angle, either way it would beright, or rather, wrong, since it is only faking an extra axis (see appendix B for a look atfaking the fourth dimension). With this, four-variable equations could be graphed on arotating four-dimensional graph emitting the same qualities as a two or three-dimensionalgraph. All points on the graph would be expressed in terms of (x, y, z, w), meaning everypoint has a four-dimensional value. One might think about the fourth dimension, agree it is a good theoretical idea, andacknowledge its practical use in math and geometry, but might wonder whether it exists inthe real world. Hyperspace makes sense in math, the numbers match up, so where is thisextra axis? Can we walk through it? Can we travel in hyperspace? How? Is it just apointless theory? Surprisingly, the four natural forces in the universe: gravity,electromagnetism, and the nuclear forces strong and weak can only be explainedthrough the idea of hyperspace. At a recent lecture, Kip Thorne, physics professor at Cal Tech and renownedphysical theorist, explained the nature of black holes. To give a visual idea, he held in hishands a black rubber ball, a sphere. He announced that the circumference of the spherewas about 30 cm. From this, you would expect that the radius of the sphere would be30/p or about 10 cm. He continued to explain that it is not 10 cm, but that it was manymiles long. This seems impossible! To explain this, he made his audience imagine theywere blind ants living on the surface of a trampoline. By counting their steps, the antswalk around the trampoline and determine that the circumference is about 20 meters. Unknown to them, there is an extremely heavy rock lying in the center of the trampoline,causing its surface to bend down to a great degree. Because of this, when the antsattempt to discover the trampolines radius, the are surprised to find out that it is not 20/pmeters, but much more (see fig 5). In this situation w e see that a two-dimensional circlecan have a radius more than diameter divided by p if and only if the circle is warped,making occupy multiple coordinated on an extra axis, just like the curved trampolinescenter had a greater z-axis value than its outer edge (Thorne Lecture). It was a 2-D circleoccupying 3-D space. If the ball that Thorne was holding had a radius more than itsdiameter divided by p, then that 3-D sphere must be occupying multiple coordinates on anextra axis: the fourth dimension. The center of the sphere would have a greaterfour-dimensional value that its surface. This would mean that a black hole issimultaneously a sphere and funnel shaped object, which will be simplified into a triangle;and, just as a cone is a circle and a triangle, a black hole is a four-dimensional hypercone. No longer is this fuzzy numbers and twisted math; it is an actual documented phenomenonthat can only be explained through the introduction of a new, four-dimensional axis. Thisphenomenon o f curving space is called space-time warpage. Einstein said that space-timewas warped by the presence of matter (Rothman 217). The density of the matter woulddetermine the degree of subsequent warpage. This means that large amounts of mass likeplanets and stars warp space more so than a lost electron randomly drifting through space. Back to the example of the trampoline, all objects on its surface would have a tendency toslide toward the center, where the rock is. If a marble is on the trampoline, it is making aslight dent in on the surface, but it is so small it is practically negligible. It will naturallyflow towards the rock, since the rock is creating the greater warpage. In this instance, theattraction between the two objects is two-dimensional. Objects on the surface would slidetoward the rock, however, an object underneath it or hanging above it would feel no forceattracting it to the rock. On a planet, however, the attraction is three-dimensional,meaning any object in 3-D sp ace is attracted to the planet, because of its four-dimensionalwarpage. This proves that the only way gravity can be explained is with the fourthdimension. Einstein also stated that the greater gravity is in a field of reference, the slowertime will run (Encarta General). As previously stated, large amounts of dense mass havea greater gravitational pull, meaning the four-dimensional warpage is proportional to theobjects gravity and mass (Gribbin 41). If this is true, than the speed of time in a givengravitational reference is equal to the slope of space-times warpage (see figure 6), whichin turn can be measured by the specific objects density. This raises two perplexingquestions: What happens when the slope is vertical? What happens when it is horizontal? Einstein explained that time cannot exist without matter, and vice versa. If matter can beexpressed in amount of space-time warpage, the absence of matter would equate nowarpage, meaning no time. Time would completely stop when war pages slope was zero. Strangely, when the most minute amount of matter is placed in space, and warpages slopeis infinitely close to zero, time would be running at maximum speed! As more mass isadded, warpage would increase, time would slow down, and come almost completely to astop, then, when warpage reaches no slope, or a vertical line, time would either run at aninfinitely fast rate, or it would cease to exist entirely. This eerie paradox is one of theunsolved components of the four-dimensional explanation, along with one other: with thetrampoline example, the component that made the marble attracted to the rock was a) theslope of the curvature and b) the force of gravity pulling it down. If space-time is warpedvia the fourth dimension with the presence of mass, where is the four-dimensional forcethat is actually causing the attraction? The warpage is merely funneling the direction ofthe bond, but the original source of the force is yet to be discovered. .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .postImageUrl , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:hover , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:visited , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:active { border:0!important; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:active , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Huck Finn: America's Fascination with the Bad BoyAlong with gravity, other forces can be explained. When it comes to waves, wehave many examples to with which to relate. Waves create ripples in water, and compressand decompress air molecules, creating sound. Almost all waves we know about needmatter to exist. A water wave cannot exist without water, and sound cannot exist withoutair. But strangely, waves on the electromagnetic spectrum (including light, radio waves,and X-rays) can travel through a vacuum: the absence of matter. This is breaks all knownlaws! No other wave can exist in a vacuum, but somehow, electromagnetism can! Therehave been several theories to explain th is, such as the suggestion of aether, which fillsthe vacuum and acts as a medium for light (Kaku 8). This gives a shady explanation ofhow light, proposed to be simultaneously a wave and a particle, can vibrate its own matter,allowing it to travel through empty space. This theory, however, had many gaps andparadoxes, and eventually was proven wrong in laboratories. In the early twenties, theKaluza-Klein theory was born, suggesting that electromagnetic waves were actuallyvibrations in 3-D space itself (Kaku 8). This defies imagination, as this is only possiblethrough the acceptance of the fourth spatial dimension. Just like the two-dimensionalsurface of water can ripple, causing it to occupy multiple coordinates in three-space,three-dimensional space can ripple, causing it to occupy multiple coordinates infour-space. Another strange possibility opened with fourth dimension is the existence ofparallel universes. Using the third dimension, several two-dimensional planes can co-existin a parallel manner. Similarly, there could be multiple universes (3-D spaces) co-existingin four-dimensional hyperspace. This of course is extremely theoretical, and could neverbe proven. It can only be explained through thought experiments. Imagine an occurrenceof extreme space-time warpage happening in two parallel universes at identical XYZcoordinates. They could possibly merge, creating a tunnel, or wormhole connectingparallel universes via the fourth dimension (see fig. 7 B). If multiple universes do notexist, or a trans-universal wormhole is impossible to obtain, there is still the possibility of auniverse connecting with itself (see fig. 7 A). Science fiction writers have often romancedwith the idea of shortcuts through space. The fourth dimension turns these dreams intoreality. It is impossible to exceed the speed of light, but it is possible to travel one lightyear in less than one year (Encarta Special). How? By traveling through a worm holethat takes a shortcut through the fourth dimension. With this information, keep your minds open about things that perhaps you cannotfully understand. Furthering the research of higher dimensional science will surely amountto many practical uses in our lives. Speaking of its uses, just how did that magician pulloff the mouse-in-the-bottle trick? Its quite simple actually. In a two dimensional world,an object can be placed an removed into and from a closed area by lifting it across thethird dimension (see fig. 8). Using this same concept, except one dimension higher, threedimensional objects can be placed and removed into and from closed spaces by lifting itacross the fourth dimension. So how did the magician twist his arm and make it penetratethe fourth dimension? Well, a good magician never tells his secret. Works CitedKaku, Michio. Hyperspace. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Thorne, Kip. Black Holes and Time Warps: Einsteins Outrageous Legacy. New York,New York: W.W. Norton Company, Inc, 1994. Thorne, Kip. Black Holes and Time Warps. Lecture. University of Utah, Utah,February 26, 2001. Reichenbach, Hans. From Copernicus to Einstein. New York, New York: DoverPublications, Inc., 1970. Gribbin, Mary and John. Time and Space (Eyewitness Books). New York, New York: Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2000. Newbold, Mark. Stereoscopic Animated Hypercube. Online Availablehttp://www.dogfeathers.com/java/hyprcube.html, April 2, 2001. Koch, Richard, Department of Mathematics, University of Oregon. Java Examples of3-D and 4-D Objects. Online Availablehttp://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~koch/java/FourD.html, April 2, 2001. Guarino, Michael, Physicist, Bachelor in Physics, Teacher. Personal Interview. March30th, 2001. Rothman, Tony, Ph.D. Instant Physics, From Aristotle to Einstein, And Beyond. NeyYork, New York, Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc, Ballantine Books, adivision of Random House, Inc. 1995. Microsoft Encarta. Einteins Special Relativity. Online Availablehttp://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1pg=2ti=761562147#s3 April 2, 2001. Microsoft Encarta. Einteins General Relativity. Online Availablehttp://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1pg=2ti=761562147#s5April 2, 2001.