Media and Society Essay -- Papers

Media and Society Does society impact media or does media impact society? In a current world, reliant on consistent correspondence this is a very significant inquiry. In the event that the world were not reliant on correspondence over huge separations, tutoring on a mass premise would not be conceivable or on the other hand fundamental. Most information in customary societies was neighborhood information, (Geertz 1983) conventions that were gone on through a nearby network, an exceptionally moderate and protracted procedure. Today we live in the Entire World in a way that would have been unfathomable to any individual who lived before the nineteenth century. [IMAGE] We are presently mindful of news and circumstances a huge number of miles away, all because of e-interchanges making such mindfulness practically quick in the 21st Century. Fast exchanges and e-correspondences have significantly heightened worldwide dispersion of data. (Anthony Giddens Human science 1995) [IMAGE] Society today adores stories created by broad communications; unexpected demise, embarrassment, and upbeat endings enter our ...

Save The Animals! Essays - Animal Welfare, Animal Rights, Animal Law

Spare The Animals! Do you have any thought what number of creatures are slaughtered every year to make sure we will have seemingly insignificant details that we don't require and that are not necessities? As well numerous to put it gently. Very nearly 2 million creatures are murdered every year for their hide, for use in tests, and for beautifications for people! Not exclusively is that brutality to creatures, however that is unfeeling and ought to be unlawful! That is a shock! In 1998, more than 10,263,600 creatures were sold for tests in Japan. These creatures incorporate 20,000 mutts, 2,000 felines, 1,600 monkeys, 160,000 bunnies, 80,000 hamsters, 3,000,000 rodents, and 7,000,000 mice. Japan doesn't have national level control. We have to locate an option in contrast to killing these powerless creatures. In the year 2000, more than 5,300,000 creatures were imported to Japan for their hide. These creatures incorporate 600,000 minks, 400,000 foxes, 3,000,000 hares and 1,300,000 goats and sheep. One technique for slaughtering these poor creatures is that they are gotten, reared, and slaughtered. They typically just live a half year which is not adequate. They ought to have the option to live full, free lives without the concern of being pursued and slaughtered. Different techniques for executing these creatures are very barbarous, for example, electric shock of butt-centric. We have to quit executing these wonderful animals only for their hide when we can utilize the choices, for example, counterfeit hide. They have the right to live full lives like God planned them to. They merit better than this brutality. Such a large number of creatures are additionally slaughtered for enhancements for people. Turtles, elephants, and tigers are slaughtered still alive. That is silly! We can discover other choices as opposed to hurting these great animals for our advantage. What is the advantage in losing things that God made? He made these creatures for a reason and in the event that he needed them to kick the bucket, he would take them when he thinks they are prepared, not when we choose we need such things as a coat! Out and out, more than 15,563,600 creatures are executed every year for their hide, tests, or to make designs! That is more than 15,563,600 too much! In the event that we try not to stop this madness, numerous creatures may become imperiled and some may indeed, even become wiped out! They have the same amount of option to live on this planet as we do. They are a piece of the hover of life simply like us people. Despite the fact that you may think we are prevalent creatures you are incorrect, on the grounds that we are equivalent to each and every other living thing. It isn't right to slaughter any living thing, it even says so in the Ten Commandments! It doesn't state that it is alright to execute anything besides people, it says, Thou Shall Not Kill and we ought not hurt grand manifestations of our own Mother Nature which without her we would not be here anyway. An excessive number of creatures are being hurt and even slaughtered for our advantage furthermore, we have to stop this before it gets considerably increasingly wild. You can help have any kind of effect. Creature Science

Professional Websites Need a Better Research Paper Template

Professional Websites Need a Better Research Paper TemplateCopying and pasting a template of a Research Paper PDF format onto a webpage that you write on is okay, however, it should only be used for short-term use. If you want to create a more professional-looking website that allows you to submit your work and get a large following of people to read it, then you need to learn how to make a research paper from scratch. Here's why.While many internet users prefer to download a Template of a Research Paper PDF and then use this paper as a guideline when creating their own. However, this practice often leads to the file being difficult to open, and sometimes not even fully readable. As you will discover, the research paper needs to be formatted correctly in order to receive an acceptable response. There are some important considerations to make.In order to be considered effective, the research paper has to have its content organized correctly, and without any gaps. Most computer softwar e packages will attempt to convert your paper into an unformatted file format, but can only show your hard work in paper form. Using a third-party tool can allow you to transform your paper into a form that a program like Word or Publisher can view properly.This type of formatting is essential to ensure that your research paper appears professionally. Your quality writing style needs to be represented in this format, and any room for error is eliminated. No other format can reflect your style as effectively as a research paper formatted from scratch. It will be easier for the reader to access your ideas, and they will be able to understand the flow of your article.You might also think about converting the Research Paper PDF into a Word document. This will make it easier for you to customize the layout of your template. Since the formatting features are already present, you won't have to take the time to find a template that is designed specifically for your needs. As long as your re search paper template is in a format that allows you to use a third-party format converter, you can customize it easily and quickly.Another benefit to using a template is that you can modify it as you go along, rather than having to start over and re-do the research paper altogether. While it may seem easy to turn your template into another template, this method isn't always recommended because the original template is easily lost or damaged if the research paper is accidentally dropped on the floor. A template will prevent this scenario from occurring.When you convert your research paper from PDF to Word format, you will have the freedom to create a well-designed, easily understandable article. Once you're done with the research paper, you can save it as a PDF and view it as often as you want. In this way, you can maintain consistency and reputation with your content and allow others to continue to rely on you for their material.You will find that by converting your PDF into an eas ily readable word document, you will be able to create professional content that can benefit thousands of potential readers. By starting fresh, and turning your research paper into a template, you can customize your output to match your style and personal taste. This will create an atmosphere that is very comfortable for readers, and they will look forward to reading your new research paper.

Irony in the Story of an Hour and Araby - 2929 Words

Irony is a useful device for giving stories many unexpected twists and turns. In Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour, irony is used as an effective literary device. Situational irony is used to show the reader that what is expected to happen sometimes doesnt. Dramatic irony is used to clue the reader in on something that is happening that the characters in the story do not know about. Irony is used throughout Chopins The Story of an Hour through the use of situational irony and the use of dramatic irony. A very dull and boring story can be made into a great story simply by adding in something that is unexpected to happen. When the unexpected is used in literature it is known as irony. An author uses irony to shock the reader by†¦show more content†¦Into this atmosphere of spiritual paralysis the boy bears, with blind hopes and romantic dreams, his encounter with first love. In the face of ugly, drab reality-amid the curses of laborers, jostled by drunken men and bargaining women-he carries his aunts parcels as she shops in the market place, imagining that he bears, not parcels, but a chalice through a throng of foes. The noises converged in a single sensation of life and in a blending of Romantic and Christian symbols he transforms in his mind a perfectly ordinary girl into an enchanted princess: untouchable, promising, saintly. Setting in this scene depicts the harsh, dirty reality of life which the boy blindly ignores. The contrast between the real and the boys dreams is i ronically drawn and clearly foreshadows the boys inability to keep the dream, to remain blind. The boys final disappointment occurs as a result of his awakening to the world around him. The tawdry superficiality of the bazaar, which in his mind had been an Oriental enchantment, strips away his blindness and leaves him alone with the realization that life and love differ from the dream. Araby, the symbolic temple of love, is profane. The bazaar is dark and empty; it thrives on the same profit motive as the market place (two men were counting money on a salver); love is represented as an empty, passing flirtation. Araby is a story of first love; even more, it is a portrait of a world that defiesShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of Araby By James Joyce1293 Words   |  6 PagesAraby is a short story written by James Joyce. Who lived from 1882 to 1941. Quit Ireland at twenty and spend his life writing about Dublin, where he was born. The main character of this story is a young boy, who is portrayed by the first-person narrator, whose name and age is unknown. Probably his age would be about 11 to 14 years old. Also, the narrator lives with his aunt and uncle, and goes to school, which gives us an idea that he is unable to live by himself. This short story is basicallyRead MoreJames Joyce - Araby Essay1136 Words   |  5 PagesJoyce’s story â€Å"Araby† Many times in life, people set unrealistic expectations for themselves or for other people. This is not a very wise thing to do because people often feel disappointed and embarrassed for getting their hopes up so high. One good example of this is the narrator in the short story â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce. In his brief but complex story James Joyce concentrates on character rather than on plot to reveal the ironies within self-deception. On its simplest level, Araby is a storyRead More Symbolism in A Good Man is Hard to Find and Araby Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism In the short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, by Flannery OConnor, every object including the characters are symbols. The Grandmother for example is the one and only dynamic character, represents all of us who have had to feel grief or needed to ask for forgiveness. As Flannery OConnor has suggested, the story is a spiritual journey because of the Grandmothers quandaries. In the beginning of the story the Grandmother is obsessed with everything worldly and superficial. She caresRead MoreJoyces Araby: a Double Focus Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesBoy or Man: the Double Focus On one hand Araby is a story of initiation, of a boys quest for the ideal. Although the quest ends in failure, it results in an inner awareness and the boys first step into manhood. On another hand the story consists of a grown mans remembered experience, for the story is told in retrospect by a man who reflects back to a particular moment of intense meaning and insight. James Joyces fascinating double focus: the boys first experience, and the mans reflectionRead MoreEng 211 Short Story Questions and Answers4549 Words   |  19 PagesQuestions 1. What is the relationship between Vanessa and Piquette, and how does this relationship change? Vanessas feelings towards Piquette change from discomfort to curiosity to embarrassment. 2. How are the Metis represented in the story? â€Å"if that half-breed youngster comes along to Diamond Lake, Im not going† (188) Vanessas images of Natives are drawn solely from literature, and these representations are only superficially positive. When Piquette doesnt reveal natures secretsRead MoreEssay on James Joyces Araby3507 Words   |  15 PagesJames Joyces Araby I doubt there are book logs that commence with a note directing a reader, specifically you, even though I get the impression from Mr. Little to whom riding between pairs of glasses suggesting that in order to gather a bounty against my beloved head I must be obliged to fathoming on how to receive topic sentences with cradling arms and craters of dimples (have to love formalities, even of those lolling head-stumps, after all, it keeps NATO all triteRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesliterature—stories grow out of other stories, poems out of other poems. b. There is only one story—of humanity and human nature, endlessly repeated c. â€Å"Intertexuality†Ã¢â‚¬â€recognizing the connections between one story and another deepens our appreciation and experience, brings multiple layers of meaning to the text, which we may not be conscious of. The more consciously aware we are, the more alive the text becomes to us. d. If you don’t recognize the correspondences, it’s ok. If a story is no goodRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesmay prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fictionRead MoreLecture on Short Story5432 Words   |  22 PagesThe short story Narrative genres, such as the novel or the short story, are born out of the very powerful human need to tell stories, out of our fundamental desire to give shape to experience in order to understand it and share it with the community. Through story telling early communities made sense of natural phenomena, unexpected events, and personal experience. Storytelling enabled them to pass on valuable information and to keep the memory of their ancestors alive down the generations. Storytelling

Affirmative Action Should Not Have Any Real Benefits

Affirmative action does not have any real benefits; on the contrary, it is detrimental to both minorities and students who would be passed over in favor of minorities. It runs contrary to the spirit of different treatment based on race. Any system where employees or students are selected based on race, and not qualifications, is deficient. All college and hiring criteria should be based solely on academic achievement, not any kind of racial preference. There are 3 major institutions that affirmative action must be addressed in: college, the private work sector, and government. The best method for selecting college applicants is by academic achievements. It is simple, objective, and is the most sensible. It is logical to accept the highest-performing students because they can benefit the most. Affirmative action disrupts this by giving minorities a preference based on their race and not ability. This creates the possibility of a minority being selected over a more qualified â€Å"non -minority†, or a student being rejected simply for not being a minority, something that has happened before. A notable instance of this was Fisher v University of Texas, 2013, where student Abigail Fisher sued the school after her application was rejected. Fisher alleged that she was turned down due to the fact that she was white and not a minority. Although the court ruled against her twice, the high-profile case shows how intrusive the issue has become. We should eliminate the need for costly andShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action : The Case For Abolition1638 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative Action: The Case for Abolishment America is founded on the belief that all citizens are free to pursue their ambitions regardless of race, color, creed, or national origin. Yet, for the last fifty years, Affirmative Action has created an educational and work environment less focused on equality and more focused on ethnicity. There is no benefit for the United States to enforce Affirmative Action for minorities in educational and employment opportunities and equal treatment, because itRead More Affirmative Action Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages The roots of Affirmative Action can be traced back to the passage of the Civil Rights Act where legislation redefined public and private behavior. The act states that to discriminate in private is legal, but anything regarding business or public discrimination is illegal. There are two instances when opposing affirmative action might seem the wrong thing to do. The nobility of the cause that help others. Affirmative Action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The mostRead MoreAffirmative Action and the Disabled: Should Disabled Veterans Receive Preferential Treatment in Hiring Decisions?1028 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action and the Disabled: Should Disabled Veterans Receive Preferential Treatment in Hiring Decisions? When people think of affirmative action programs, they generally think of programs that give preference to candidates based on gender or race. However, one of the most vital affirmative action programs in the United States is the Disabled Veterans Affirmative Action Program (DVAAP). Under these programs, agencies are not only required to give preferential treatment to disabled veteransRead MoreCollege Admissions Vs. Affirmative Action1536 Words   |  7 PagesCollege Admissions Race â€Å"Congratulations! You have been granted admissions to one of the most prestigious universities in the world and have been chosen from among hundreds of thousands of applicants to attend our university.† These are the sentences that every high school senior dreams of seeing, however, it has become a more difficult task as the college admissions process has become increasingly competitive. Complicating the admissions situation is the fact that most elite universities give extraRead MoreThe Unethical Nature of Affirmative Action Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of race is not supported by factual evidences. The color of the skin does not have any relevance to the physical and intellectual capacity of an individual. History tells of how people fabricated race for political purposes, to instill obedience upon those they struggled to dominate. That is not the case today. People of color are now protected under the law; they are entitled to equal opportunities with th e white. On the other hand, there are people who appear to overdo their observanceRead More Affirmative Action needs to be Changed not Ended Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative action: Should it be mended or ended? Affirmative action is an attempt to correct unequal distribution of benefits (status, income and wealth, power and authority), and burdens associated with ethnic and gender differences. Affirmative action has been promoted by the Federal government since the mid 1960s, when president Lyndon B. Johnson ordered federal contractors to adopt affirmative action plans. (Congress and the Nation, 748). This paper will focus on the relevance of affirmativeRead More Affirmative Action - We Should Not Forget Americas Racist Past1486 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action - We Should Not Forget Americas Racist Past Affirmative Action has become of the most controversial social policy issues to be discussed in recent years. It is controversial because it challenges fundamental American beliefs. As Seymour Martin Lipset put it: Affirmative Action policies have forced a sharp confrontation between two core American values: equality and individualism.(Dudley7) This values oriented approach, which pervades popular discussion and derives fromRead More Affirmitive Action Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pages Affirmative Action is the name given to programs that try to correct past and ongoing discriminations against women, racial minorities, and others in the work force and in education. The principal goal of Affirmative Action is to create more diversity and equal opportunities in jobs or schools that used to be all or mostly male, white, or both. Affirmative Action programs have been in place only a little over thirty years. Affirmative action works. There are thousands of examples of situations whereRead MoreAn Argument Against Affirmative Action Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesPaved with Good Intentions: An Argument Against Affirmative Action Out of the jaws of civil war, the new United States had emerged. Broken and burning and minus 620,000 men, a new challenge lay before the nation: social equality. How would we address the sickening grievances endured by these African American now-citizens? That question has hallmarked fiery debates from dinner tables all the way to the Supreme Court for more than a century. During the Civil Rights Movement, millions of American citizensRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity ( Eeo ), Affirmative Action And Diversity Initiatives Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesEqual Employment Opportunity (EEO), Affirmative Action and Diversity initiatives are three different concepts. However, they do have an inter-relation between them. Affirmative Action plans are initiated by the federal government. This programme ensures equal opportunities for employment and opportunities for self-development at workplace. It provides opportunities to qualified individuals who have been denied such opportunities i n the past on some kind of discrimination. Primarily, it is a quota

Les Paul Free Essays

Thesis Statement Within the very foundation of rock, blues, jazz and pop, the very same inventions of Les Paul denotes guitar-heavy music with an extreme debt owed to him.   Les Paul guitar models, Telecaster and the Gibson, are the most popular electric guitars among rock performers. The effects have been wide ranging, from rock and rolls Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia to legendary jazz great Duke Ellington, Les Paul has had a profound influence on musicians not only in the United States but around the world as they listened to his records and copied his style. We will write a custom essay sample on Les Paul or any similar topic only for you Order Now The history of the modern jazz guitar began with many who played with Benny Goodman, (In Los Angeles in 1942, Les played with Nat King Cole on â€Å"Blues†). During his years on the main jazz scene, he revolutionized guitar playing. To be sure, there were guitarists with a longer history but it almost seems as if there are two different types of guitars.   What played before Les Paul and what played after he finished. Before Paul, the guitar was essentially an instrument of rhythm and harmonic accompaniment. Paul was known interestingly enough to develop guitar leads as he was simply creating the sound of many guitars and singers from one guitar and one voice. From the development of the electric guitar to the tape recorder were all possible only through the innovative vision of Les Paul.   Paul’s ingenious overdubbing or layered construction process of recording music was revolutionary. Les Paul Examining the development of original American music, whether it’s blues, country, jazz or rock, the reader has found, intertwined that in American music all roads lead to the guitar which in turn leads to Les Paul. Like all ironies of the truth, Les Paul’s interest in music began at age eight with an interest in the harmonica.   It’s been said the inspiration came from a Waukesha ditch digger. Even though he played the piano professionally, his formal musical training consisted of a few unsuccessful piano lessons. A bad automobile accident in Oklahoma in January 1948 almost silenced his music forever.  Ã‚   He could not play the guitar for a year and a half.   It also gave him two choices; the first was to have the arm amputated or have the right arm set at a permanent right angle suitable for guitar playing.   Clearly he chose the latter. Les Paul is the most significant contributor in the development of modern electric instruments and recording technology. Paul has lead the way in the development of the Gibson Les Paul guitar, bearing his name; the solid-body electric guitar.   This concept was developed under his design. To this day, the Gibson is one of the most well known and market tested models that still stands up as an excellent product.   On merits of its own that would satisfy as a single most important contribution to the music industry, Les Paul also the developed the multi-track recording process and various reverb and echo effects. Technically, the guitar is a fretted, stringed instrument, and is a member of the lute family.   Originating from Persia, the instrument reached Spain during the 12th century. Through the years, the guitar has shown versatility as both a solo and accompanying instrument. In essence, Paul was unsatisfied by the electric guitars available in the mid 1930s so he began to experiment with the design the basic guitar. The product solved two main problems for guitar players; the â€Å"feedback† and â€Å"sustain† issues, respectively. Les Paul designed and constructed one of the first solid-body electric guitars in 1941.   Based on Paul’s designed in the early 1950’s, the Gibson Guitar Corporation of Nashville, Tennessee designed a guitar integrating Paul’s properties. Subsequently, the company and Paul got together and professional relationship was established. Hence, what is now known as the â€Å"Les Paul† model was born. Originally it was developed only in a â€Å"gold top† version which was the central part of the agreement between Paul and Gibson.   However there were a few rough spots along the way between the two entities. Gibson Les Pauls were modified by the company over the years and clearly Paul always preferred to oversee the process.   But in the end Paul resumed his relationship with Gibson, and endorses the instrument even today. To this day, the Gibson Les Paul guitar is used all over the world, both by novice and professional guitarists. Multi-track recording In an experiment that bean in Les Paul’s garage, Paul played eight different parts on electric guitar, some of them recorded at half-speed, hence â€Å"double-fast† when played back at normal speed for the master. Paul would record a track onto a disk, and then record himself playing another part with the first. This was the first time that multi-tracking had been used in a recording. Capitol Records released the recording â€Å"Brazil† in 1947. â€Å"As multi-track recording gradually became standard practice in rock, the distinction between recording and mixing as separate stages of a project grew. It is not uncommon at the mixing stage to move a project to a different studio or to hand over recorded tracks to a new engineer. (Zak, pg 128) Making records is intrinsically a collaborative creative process, involving the efforts of a team whose members interact in various ways. Because of Les Paul’s the â€Å"artist† is mostly the tasks involved in making a record. Pre and post production has become the foundation to many artists’ careers, once again thanks to Les Paul. Without equal, even within today’s music industry a legacy of innovations has been handed down by Les Paul and taken up by Van Halen, Joe Satriani and Steve Vai’s playing and guitar designs as they too help to redefine the instrument. (Bennett, pg 7) Les Paul has had a staggeringly life long influence over the way American and world popular music has sounded over the last 5 generations.   Even today the influence is honored and recognized and as on of the most significant impact upon the jazz, blues, rock, hip hop music worlds. What seems most striking about Les Paul, even at the age of 91, is how he has bridged popular music-making and technology. Paul touches on what will be central issues in the aesthetics of production and reception in pop: relations between the performers’s body and instrument, how sounds are attached to instruments and the way musical sounds. And because of him, in homes that could scarcely afford furniture of any kind, let alone a piano, the heart of the musician, found its outlet wood or metal across which a few wire strings. Reference(s) Zak III, Albin J.  Ã‚   The Poetics of Rock: Cutting Tracks, Making Records. Publisher: University of California Press. Place of Publication: Berkeley, CA. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 128. Bennett, Andy Guitar Cultures Publisher: Berg. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 7.             How to cite Les Paul, Essay examples

Stepping Into The Fourth Dimension Essay Example For Students

Stepping Into The Fourth Dimension Essay Imagine going to a magic show, where the worlds top ranked magicians gather todazzle their wide-eyed crowd. Some would walk through jet turbines, others woulddecapitate their assistants only to fuse them back together, and others would transformpearls into tigers. However, with each of these seemingly impossible stunts, there isalways a catch. A curtain will fall momentarily; a door will shut; the lights will go out; alarge cloud of smoke will fill the room, or a screen will hide what is truly going on. Then,a very different magician comes on, and performs stunts like entering a closed box withoutopening any doors, and placing a mouse in a sealed bottle without removing the cork. These do not seem very extravagant compared to the amazing feats other magicians pulloff, but what leaves the crowd completely baffled is the fact that he does these trickswithout placing a handkerchief over his hand, or doing it so fast the crowd misses what isgoing on. To perform the mouse-in-the-bottle tr ick, he shows the mouse in his hand,slowly twists it in a strange manner, and right before your eyes, his hand completelydisappears! A few instants later his hand reappears inside the bottle, holding the mouse. There seem to be two parts of his arm; one in the bottle, and one out. His arm lookssevered, yet he has complete control of his fingers inside the bottle. The hand lets go ofthe mouse, and again vanishes from inside the bottle, and reconstitutes itself on themagicians arm. He pulled it off candidly, without the smoke and mirrors. Everything thatwas seen actually happened. This magician, breaking the tradition of fooling the audiencewith illusions, used cutting edge knowledge of higher-dimensional science to perform thismarvel. He sent his arm outside of 3-D space, twisted it in the fourth dimension, andplaced it back into the bottle. The fourth dimension is not time, but an extra direction, justlike left, right, up, down, forward, and backwards. This magician has used the fou rthdimension for entertainment purposes. However, the fourth dimension has other, morepractical uses and applications in the realm of mathematics, geometry, as well asastrophysics, and holds the explanation to such natural phenomena as gravity andelectromagnetism. We will write a custom essay on Stepping Into The Fourth Dimension specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To this day, many scientists and other people accept time as being the fourthdimension. This notion is completely absurd. Time does play an important role in thedescription of an object, but it is incorrect to perceive it as a dimension. Mass, volume,color, state, and frequency are all components used to describe an object, be it matter,wave or energy, but they are not dimensions. The three spatial dimensions known to usare used to describe where an object is in 3-D space, while mass, volume, color, etc.,describe how it is. Describing when it is would be done using time, and saying time is adimension would be like saying that mass is a dimension, which is incorrect. Dimensionsare reserved to tell where an object is, and all other components of its description areentirely separate. Time has been confused as being the fourth dimension for severalreasons. It seems to have first been referred to as such in H.G. Wells The Time Machine,which came out in the late 19th Century. Equivalents t o the 2-D ordered pair (x,y) havebeen used to describe a point either in 2-D space (x,y,t), or in 3-D space (x,y,z,t). Astrange inconsistency is that the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd dimensions all need the dimension belowthem, while time does not: a 3-D (3 axes) world cannot exist without first having a 2-Dplane (2 axes), and a 2-D plane cannot exist without first having a 1-D (1 axis) line; but apoint on a 1-D line can exist in time, which would make time 2-D. In this situation, time isthe second dimension, the t-axis. If it is well accepted that time is the fourth dimension,the t-axis, how is it that in this situation time is the second dimension, which is wellconfirmed as being the y-axis? How can time simultaneously be the t-axis and the y-axis? It cant. They are two separate aspects of the object and cannot be the same. Time is avery important factor of an objects description, but it cannot be considered a dimension. If time is not a dimension, and more specifically, not the fourth dimen sion, thenwhat is? Understanding the fourth dimension to its full extent is beyond the power of thehuman mind, but we can infer what the fourth dimension might be by drawing connectionsbetween the three dimensions we are familiar with. When jumping from one dimension tothe next, we add an extra axis, or two new directions. Lets examine the first dimension,consisting of the x-axis. It has two directions: left and right. The basic infinite unit for thefirst dimension is a line, its basic finite unit is a segment. When jumping to the seconddimension, we add another axis (y), thereby adding two new directions: up and down. The basic infinite unit for the second dimension is a plane, its basic finite unit is a square. Moving on to the third dimension, we add one more axis (z), creating two moredirections: forward and backward. The basic infinite unit for the third dimension is space,and its basic finite unit is a cube. So far, the elements discussed have been easy for thehuman mind to un derstand, since the standard of the universe is in three dimensions, andconcepts less than or equal to human capabilities can easily be understood; however, it isdifficult to deal with anything greater. As can be noticed, there are very distinct patternsand steps that are constant when increasing the dimensional value: basically it is adding anaxis that is mutually perpendicular to all previous axes. By adding a z-axis, all three linesjoin together at a single point, all forming right angles to each other. With this template,describing the fourth dimension becomes easier. When progressing to the fourthdimension, one more axis would be added (call it w); this will create two new directions(call these w+ and w-), which are impossible for a 3-D mind to visualize. The basic infiniteunit of the fourth dimension is hyperspace (4-D space), and its basic finite unit is ahypercube (a 4-D cube). In hyperspace, it is possible to have four axes joining at a singlepoint, all forming right angles to each other. This seems absolutely incredulous; four axescan never meet perpendicularly! This is a 3-D mind speaking again. Two perpendicularaxes are impossible obtain on a line, and three perpendicular axes are impossible to obtainon a plane. Four perpendicular axes are impossible to obtain in 3-D space, which is why itcant be visualized; but it is easily obtained in four-dimensional hyperspace. Hyperspace seems extremely theoretical, without many solid facts with which toback it up. But it is surprising how many factors and phenomena lean towards the fourthdimension for an explanation. Mathematically, geometrically, and physically, hyperspacemysteriously connects into a radiant harmony of completeness. Geometrically, hyperspace makes sense; it all fits together. Going back to thebasic finite unite of the fourth dimension, the hypercube, lets draw some connections withthe lower dimensions. To better understand the following paragraph, refer to appendix Afor a visualization of these concepts. Moving even before the first dimension, letsexamine the zeroth: A point. It has no directions, meaning it has no infinite unit, just afinite one: the point. To convert a point into a segment, (1-D finite unit) you wouldduplicate the point (0-D unit) and project it into the added x-axis. Then, connect thevertices; you get a segment, a 1-D finite unit. To convert a segment into a square, (2-Dfinite unit) you would duplicate the segment (1-D unit) and project it into the addedy-axis. Then, connect the 4 vertices; you get a square, a 2-D finite unit, composed of foursegments all sharing common vertices (points) with their 2 perpendicular segments. Toconvert a square into a cube, (3-D finite unit) yo u would duplicate the square (2-D unit)and project it into the added z-axis. Then, connect the 8 vertices; you get a cube, a 3-Dfinite unit composed of six squares all sharing common edges (segments) with their 4perpendicular squares. Making the jump to the hypercube is no different. To convert acube into a hypercube, (4-D finite unit) you would duplicate the cube (3-D unit) andproject it into the added w-axis. Then, connect the 16 vertices; you get a hypercube, a4-D finite unit composed of eight cubes all sharing common faces (squares) with their 6perpendicular squares (Newbold). This boggles the mind. No 3-D human could ever seea hypercube, because a hypercube cannot exist in a 3-D world just as a cube cannot existon a 2-D plane; a plane is missing two directions necessary to allow the cube to exist. Our3-D world is missing two directions necessary to allow a hypercube to exist. .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .postImageUrl , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:hover , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:visited , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:active { border:0!important; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:active , .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f1f7b534a7f65525c33f7dfe70279ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dell case EssayAnother way to attempt to visualize the hypercube is by using tesseracts. Figure 1in the diagram depicts six two-dimensional squares, arranged in a cross-shaped alignment. The two outer squares can be folded up via the third dimension; next, the other squarescan also fold up, forming the fundamental finite unit of the third dimension: the cube. Similarly, Figure 2 depicts the three-dimensional version of the cross, the tesseract, whichconsists of eight cubes forming a cross-like object. Just like the cross was an unfoldedcube, the tesseract is an unfolded hypercube. The two outer cubes can be folded up viathe fourth dimension; next, the other cubes also fold up, forming the fundamental finiteunit of the fourth dimension: the hypercube (Kaku 71). This is of course impossible tovisualize, even imagine, with a three dimension mind. Imagine a two-dimensional personliving on a plane. He could see the six squares that form the cross, but he could nevereven fathom having the squares fold up into a dimension greater than his own. It isimpossible for him to even imagine it. Visualizing this fold-up is very easy for us, with3-D minds. However, visualizing a tesseract folding up into a hypercube defies humancomprehension. The hypercube is probably the most easy four-dimensional concept to understand. Yet it is not alone in 4-D geometry. In fact, discovering the fourth dimension opens uppossibilities for scores of new shapes and forms, that were never possible on a plane or inspace (Koch). The circle, triangle, and square are very familiar to us. They form nice,simple equations when expressed mathematically, and are the basis of many natural objectsin todays world. On a two-dimensional plane, a square and a circle must always beseparate. A merger of the two is impossible. Looking a step higher, throughthree-dimensional eyes, combining a square and a circle is simple: the result is a threedimensional cylinder. Thus we see that different two dimensional objects can combine inthe third dimension to create a unified shape. Other examples of merging shapes are: acircle and a triangle form a cone, a triangle and a square form a pyramid, inversely, thesquare and the triangle form a prism, the triangle and the circle form a three-cornereddome, and the square and the circle form a four-cornered dome. From these examplesseveral conclusions can be drawn. Every two-dimensional shape needs two axes to exist. By merging these shapes, one of them occupies the x-axis alone, one occupies the y-axisalone, but they share positions on the z-axis. If this is true, then three two-dimensionalshapes can merge in the fourth dimension, or one 3-D object and one 2-D object can. Forexample, a 3-D sphere and a 2-D triangle can merge in the fourth dimension, making it ahypercone. It is simultaneously a sphere and a triangle, just as a cone is simultaneously acircle and a triangle. Another aspect of the fourth dimension is found in geometrys roots: mathematics. Using exponents, we can raise the dimensional value of a number. Take the number 3, forexample. The number 3, like any other number, is one-dimensional. It be madetwo-dimensional by squaring it; 32 = 9. Thus we see that 9 is the one-dimensional valuefor two-dimensional 3. A one-dimensional value can not only be squared (raised to thesecond power), but it could just as easily be cubed. 33 = 27. From this we infer that 27 isthe one-dimensional value of three-dimensional 3. Any number can also be raised to thefourth power; it would make just as much sense to call it hypercubing a number, just asraising to the second or third powers is squaring or cubing. In math, multidimensionalreasoning is very easy and simple, since it doesnt require visualization. However, every mathematical equation can be expressed visually using a graph. Most commonly, a two-dimensional graph is used to express equations that include twovariables, and x and a y. This draws a line on the graph, on which every points x and yvalue can be inserted into the equation, and have both sides of the equation balance out. For equations dealing with three variables, a three-dimensional graph can be used tovisualize it, using x, y, and z coordinates. Using this model, an equation sporting fourvariables can easily be obtained (Guarino). It would only make sense to be able to visuallyexpress this equation using a four-dimensional graph. But this leads to a great problem. This is a three-dimensional world, and it lacks the two directions necessary to allow thefourth axis to exist. Fortunately, there is a way to represent the fourth dimension usingjust three. This is done by faking the fourth dimension using what is available in threedimensions. To explain this, lets have a look at the dimensions that we can understand. just as a hypercube cannot exist in space, a cube cannot exist on a flat, two-dimensionalsurface. However, using an artists trick called perspective, the third dimension canfaked on a flat piece of paper. Note the cube in figure 3. It appears very normal to us,as we are used to seeing three-dimensional objects shown on two-dimensional medium. Inanalyzing its structure, we note that a cube is composed of six squares. However, thereare not six squares on figure 3s cube. There are only two: square ABDC and squareEFHG (see fig 4 A). The other four shapes that comprise this cube are actuallyparallelograms that are representing full squares skewed through three-dimensionalperspective (see fig 4 B).In 3-space, angle EAB is 90o , however, in two-space, on thisflat representation, angle EAB is about 135o. Therefore, if a three-dimensional object canbe represented by faking in the second dimension, it would only be right that afour-dimensional ob ject could be faked in our 3-D world. This is done by first havingthree lines joining at point all forming right angles to each other, then adding another linegoing through that point. It wouldnt really matter at what angle, either way it would beright, or rather, wrong, since it is only faking an extra axis (see appendix B for a look atfaking the fourth dimension). With this, four-variable equations could be graphed on arotating four-dimensional graph emitting the same qualities as a two or three-dimensionalgraph. All points on the graph would be expressed in terms of (x, y, z, w), meaning everypoint has a four-dimensional value. One might think about the fourth dimension, agree it is a good theoretical idea, andacknowledge its practical use in math and geometry, but might wonder whether it exists inthe real world. Hyperspace makes sense in math, the numbers match up, so where is thisextra axis? Can we walk through it? Can we travel in hyperspace? How? Is it just apointless theory? Surprisingly, the four natural forces in the universe: gravity,electromagnetism, and the nuclear forces strong and weak can only be explainedthrough the idea of hyperspace. At a recent lecture, Kip Thorne, physics professor at Cal Tech and renownedphysical theorist, explained the nature of black holes. To give a visual idea, he held in hishands a black rubber ball, a sphere. He announced that the circumference of the spherewas about 30 cm. From this, you would expect that the radius of the sphere would be30/p or about 10 cm. He continued to explain that it is not 10 cm, but that it was manymiles long. This seems impossible! To explain this, he made his audience imagine theywere blind ants living on the surface of a trampoline. By counting their steps, the antswalk around the trampoline and determine that the circumference is about 20 meters. Unknown to them, there is an extremely heavy rock lying in the center of the trampoline,causing its surface to bend down to a great degree. Because of this, when the antsattempt to discover the trampolines radius, the are surprised to find out that it is not 20/pmeters, but much more (see fig 5). In this situation w e see that a two-dimensional circlecan have a radius more than diameter divided by p if and only if the circle is warped,making occupy multiple coordinated on an extra axis, just like the curved trampolinescenter had a greater z-axis value than its outer edge (Thorne Lecture). It was a 2-D circleoccupying 3-D space. If the ball that Thorne was holding had a radius more than itsdiameter divided by p, then that 3-D sphere must be occupying multiple coordinates on anextra axis: the fourth dimension. The center of the sphere would have a greaterfour-dimensional value that its surface. This would mean that a black hole issimultaneously a sphere and funnel shaped object, which will be simplified into a triangle;and, just as a cone is a circle and a triangle, a black hole is a four-dimensional hypercone. No longer is this fuzzy numbers and twisted math; it is an actual documented phenomenonthat can only be explained through the introduction of a new, four-dimensional axis. Thisphenomenon o f curving space is called space-time warpage. Einstein said that space-timewas warped by the presence of matter (Rothman 217). The density of the matter woulddetermine the degree of subsequent warpage. This means that large amounts of mass likeplanets and stars warp space more so than a lost electron randomly drifting through space. Back to the example of the trampoline, all objects on its surface would have a tendency toslide toward the center, where the rock is. If a marble is on the trampoline, it is making aslight dent in on the surface, but it is so small it is practically negligible. It will naturallyflow towards the rock, since the rock is creating the greater warpage. In this instance, theattraction between the two objects is two-dimensional. Objects on the surface would slidetoward the rock, however, an object underneath it or hanging above it would feel no forceattracting it to the rock. On a planet, however, the attraction is three-dimensional,meaning any object in 3-D sp ace is attracted to the planet, because of its four-dimensionalwarpage. This proves that the only way gravity can be explained is with the fourthdimension. Einstein also stated that the greater gravity is in a field of reference, the slowertime will run (Encarta General). As previously stated, large amounts of dense mass havea greater gravitational pull, meaning the four-dimensional warpage is proportional to theobjects gravity and mass (Gribbin 41). If this is true, than the speed of time in a givengravitational reference is equal to the slope of space-times warpage (see figure 6), whichin turn can be measured by the specific objects density. This raises two perplexingquestions: What happens when the slope is vertical? What happens when it is horizontal? Einstein explained that time cannot exist without matter, and vice versa. If matter can beexpressed in amount of space-time warpage, the absence of matter would equate nowarpage, meaning no time. Time would completely stop when war pages slope was zero. Strangely, when the most minute amount of matter is placed in space, and warpages slopeis infinitely close to zero, time would be running at maximum speed! As more mass isadded, warpage would increase, time would slow down, and come almost completely to astop, then, when warpage reaches no slope, or a vertical line, time would either run at aninfinitely fast rate, or it would cease to exist entirely. This eerie paradox is one of theunsolved components of the four-dimensional explanation, along with one other: with thetrampoline example, the component that made the marble attracted to the rock was a) theslope of the curvature and b) the force of gravity pulling it down. If space-time is warpedvia the fourth dimension with the presence of mass, where is the four-dimensional forcethat is actually causing the attraction? The warpage is merely funneling the direction ofthe bond, but the original source of the force is yet to be discovered. .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .postImageUrl , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:hover , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:visited , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:active { border:0!important; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:active , .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0 .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8bd46a806f7440329f9f217cc90a1eb0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Huck Finn: America's Fascination with the Bad BoyAlong with gravity, other forces can be explained. When it comes to waves, wehave many examples to with which to relate. Waves create ripples in water, and compressand decompress air molecules, creating sound. Almost all waves we know about needmatter to exist. A water wave cannot exist without water, and sound cannot exist withoutair. But strangely, waves on the electromagnetic spectrum (including light, radio waves,and X-rays) can travel through a vacuum: the absence of matter. This is breaks all knownlaws! No other wave can exist in a vacuum, but somehow, electromagnetism can! Therehave been several theories to explain th is, such as the suggestion of aether, which fillsthe vacuum and acts as a medium for light (Kaku 8). This gives a shady explanation ofhow light, proposed to be simultaneously a wave and a particle, can vibrate its own matter,allowing it to travel through empty space. This theory, however, had many gaps andparadoxes, and eventually was proven wrong in laboratories. In the early twenties, theKaluza-Klein theory was born, suggesting that electromagnetic waves were actuallyvibrations in 3-D space itself (Kaku 8). This defies imagination, as this is only possiblethrough the acceptance of the fourth spatial dimension. Just like the two-dimensionalsurface of water can ripple, causing it to occupy multiple coordinates in three-space,three-dimensional space can ripple, causing it to occupy multiple coordinates infour-space. Another strange possibility opened with fourth dimension is the existence ofparallel universes. Using the third dimension, several two-dimensional planes can co-existin a parallel manner. Similarly, there could be multiple universes (3-D spaces) co-existingin four-dimensional hyperspace. This of course is extremely theoretical, and could neverbe proven. It can only be explained through thought experiments. Imagine an occurrenceof extreme space-time warpage happening in two parallel universes at identical XYZcoordinates. They could possibly merge, creating a tunnel, or wormhole connectingparallel universes via the fourth dimension (see fig. 7 B). If multiple universes do notexist, or a trans-universal wormhole is impossible to obtain, there is still the possibility of auniverse connecting with itself (see fig. 7 A). Science fiction writers have often romancedwith the idea of shortcuts through space. The fourth dimension turns these dreams intoreality. It is impossible to exceed the speed of light, but it is possible to travel one lightyear in less than one year (Encarta Special). How? By traveling through a worm holethat takes a shortcut through the fourth dimension. With this information, keep your minds open about things that perhaps you cannotfully understand. Furthering the research of higher dimensional science will surely amountto many practical uses in our lives. Speaking of its uses, just how did that magician pulloff the mouse-in-the-bottle trick? Its quite simple actually. In a two dimensional world,an object can be placed an removed into and from a closed area by lifting it across thethird dimension (see fig. 8). Using this same concept, except one dimension higher, threedimensional objects can be placed and removed into and from closed spaces by lifting itacross the fourth dimension. So how did the magician twist his arm and make it penetratethe fourth dimension? Well, a good magician never tells his secret. Works CitedKaku, Michio. Hyperspace. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Thorne, Kip. Black Holes and Time Warps: Einsteins Outrageous Legacy. New York,New York: W.W. Norton Company, Inc, 1994. Thorne, Kip. Black Holes and Time Warps. Lecture. University of Utah, Utah,February 26, 2001. Reichenbach, Hans. From Copernicus to Einstein. New York, New York: DoverPublications, Inc., 1970. Gribbin, Mary and John. Time and Space (Eyewitness Books). New York, New York: Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2000. Newbold, Mark. Stereoscopic Animated Hypercube. Online Availablehttp://www.dogfeathers.com/java/hyprcube.html, April 2, 2001. Koch, Richard, Department of Mathematics, University of Oregon. Java Examples of3-D and 4-D Objects. Online Availablehttp://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~koch/java/FourD.html, April 2, 2001. Guarino, Michael, Physicist, Bachelor in Physics, Teacher. Personal Interview. March30th, 2001. Rothman, Tony, Ph.D. Instant Physics, From Aristotle to Einstein, And Beyond. NeyYork, New York, Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc, Ballantine Books, adivision of Random House, Inc. 1995. Microsoft Encarta. Einteins Special Relativity. Online Availablehttp://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1pg=2ti=761562147#s3 April 2, 2001. Microsoft Encarta. Einteins General Relativity. Online Availablehttp://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1pg=2ti=761562147#s5April 2, 2001.

buy custom American Japanese National Discrimination in the Novel No-No Boy

buy custom American Japanese National Discrimination in the Novel No-No Boy The Novel No-No Boy by John Okada Abstract The paper is a book report of the novel No-No Boy by John Okada. This is the only novel written by the author, which was published in 1957. It depicts the aftermaths of the Second World War for Japanese Americans and consequences of the main characters decision not to join the US army. However, the question remains open: who is the biggest traitor: people who renounce their country of origin or the ones who choose to remember it and not associate the government with the cultural heritage. The whole political situation does not leave an option but to betray. One way or another, people betray either their own moral principles or conscience or their close people; either their country of origin or the government of the country they live in. The main character just tries to be loyal to basic human values in this mayhem. Thus, there is a moral search of main characters, the author himself and the whole nation at the background of social and historical events of the Second World War and the social position of Japanese Americans in the USA.

Examples of the Null Hypothesis

Examples of the Null Hypothesis The null hypothesis- which assumes that there is no meaningful relationship between two variables- may be the most valuable hypothesis for the scientific method because it is the easiest to test using a statistical analysis. This means you can support your hypothesis with a high level of confidence. Testing the null hypothesis can tell you whether your results are due to the effect of manipulating ​the dependent variable or due to chance. What Is the Null Hypothesis? The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between the measured phenomenon (the dependent variable) and the independent variable. You do not​ need to believe that the null hypothesis is true to test it. On the contrary, you will likely suspect that there is a relationship between a set of variables. One way to prove that this is the case is to reject the null hypothesis. Rejecting a hypothesis does not mean an experiment was bad or that it didnt produce results. In fact, it is often one of the first steps toward further inquiry. To distinguish it from other hypotheses, the null hypothesis is written as  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹H0  (which is read as â€Å"H-nought,† H-null, or H-zero). A significance test is used to determine the likelihood that the results supporting the null hypothesis are not due to chance. A confidence level of 95 percent or 99 percent is common. Keep in mind, even if the confidence level is high, there is still a small chance the null hypothesis is not true, perhaps because the experimenter did not account for a critical factor or because of chance. This is one reason why its important to repeat experiments. Examples of the Null Hypothesis To write a null hypothesis, first start by asking a question. Rephrase that question in a form that assumes no relationship between the variables. In other words, assume a treatment has no effect. Write your hypothesis in a way that reflects this. Question Null Hypothesis Are teens better at math than adults? Age has no effect on mathematical ability. Does taking aspirin every day reduce the chance of having a heart attack? Taking aspirin daily does not affect heart attack risk. Do teens use cell phones to access the internet more than adults? Age has no effect on how cell phones are used for internet access. Do cats care about the color of their food? Cats express no food preference based on color. Does chewing willow bark relieve pain? There is no difference in pain relief after chewing willow bark versus taking a placebo. Null Hypothesis Examples

Assessment of Views On Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Assessment of Views On Democracy - Essay Example The United States model of democratization is rather political. This form of democratization emphasizes on a political struggle of democrats seeking dominance over non-democrats. Political parties have a crucial place in this model. This models aims at gaining political liberties. In this process, institutions receive a lot of attention with democrats ensuring there is a level of democracy in political parties, elections, and institutions that fight for civil rights. This model has been the guideline of the United States struggled for democracy over the years. The nations politics consists of democrats fighting non –democrats and implementation of policies that favor the existing institutions. In its promotion of democracy, the United States urges other nation to adopt this model. The Bush regime of the United States made efforts of promoting this type of democratization. In most of the cases, these two models usually overlap. Carothers gives the illustration of Canada; a coun try that had focused on the developmental model, but is recently making advances into the political model through the promotion of institutions. Carothers presents a guideline that characterizes the democratization process. One of these involves the presence of a vibrant and independence of the civil society.

External Validity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

External Validity - Essay Example If the grades of the students seem to improve it cannot directly be concluded that the scheme was the factor which improved the grades. So in order to come up with a perfect conclusion all the external factors are also considered. In order to conduct a research and come up with a perfect solution all the threats to internal validity should be analyzed. If the threats to internal validity are not analyzed and controlled they can and might distort the result or conclusion of the experiment conducted. For e.g. in the above mentioned example other factors can also lead to the improvement of the grades. Other factors like the diet of students, concentration of the students etc. Hence if the researcher concludes that the scheme was the only factor which improved the grades of the students without analyzing other threats or factors he would possibly face several criticism. And his conclusion would not be confirmed until and unless all the factors that can affect the grades of the students a re reviewed. This shows that the threats to the internal validity have a great importance and a conclusion cannot be derived without controlling and analyzing these threats. An experiment is conducted to confirm the cause of a certain state, situation or action. If the threats posed to internal validity are removed a possible conclusion can be derived for the experiment conducted.

Racism in Deadly Unna by Phillip Gwynne Essay example -- essays resear

Deadly Unna "Deadly Unna" is the story of Garry Blacks realization of racism and discrimination in the port where he lives. When everyone else seems do nothing to prevent the discrimination Blacky a young boy steps up to the plate and has the guts to say no against racism towards the local Aborigines. Blacky is beginning to realize that the people he looks up to as role models might not be such good examples as most of them including his father his footy coach and even the pub custodian all accept racism as a normal way of life and Blacky begins to realize this and tries to make them aware. At the beginning Blacky becomes aware of the apartheid of white and black first in the players at the local footy team, the white players (Goonyas) all got changed at one end of the club change rooms while the Aboriginal (Nunga) players got changed at the opposite end ?Usually the nungas got changed at one end us goonyas got changed at the other? pg. 21. This is when Blacky begins to realize that even though he sees everyone as equal the rest of the town does not necessarily feel the same. Even Blackys friend Pickles encourages in a way Blacky not to be Dumbys friend, Blacky goes along with it but eventually admits to his friendship with Dumby red, ? Mate of yours now is he? (Pickles) No way not him I hate his guts (Blacky)?pg. 25 after he said this he spat on the ground to prove to Pickles that he meant it Blacky had not realized that his friend were so racist and had previously gone along with any racist slurs they made. His suspicions were confirmed when, at the grand final prese ntation Mark ?Arks? won the Mcrae medal instead of Dumby red. Dumby had been the heart and soul of the team all season and deserved to win h... ...rn because he specifically told Blacky that he was to go fishing with him and nowhere else. Despite his strong feelings for Cathy Blacky even misses out on going to Kathy barbie on her last day in the port this is (to the best of blackys knowledge) the last chance he will have to tell her how he feels about her, despite this he gets up at dawn and walks for three hours to reach the mission. In conclusion Black?s quest to make people aware of racism in the port got him into a lot of strife but he did manage to show people that he did not in any way condone this kind of discrimination and took a stand against the way the entire town thought forcing them to think about their actions. in the end the people that Garry most affected were his brothers and sisters , he may not have changed the whole towns attitude but he taught his siblings a priceless life lesson.

Human Resource Development & Job Satisfaction Essay

Opportunities for training and development are paramount in decisions regarding employee career choices. It is important that those in the human resource development (HRD) look at how their work affects those who they provide service. HRD is a field that focuses on training, career development and organizational development with the goal of improving processes and enhancing the learning and performance of individuals, organizations, communities and society (Judge and Saari, 2008). To accomplish this task, HRD practitioners must look at how training and development programs affect those employees who participate in them. They must be aware of how employees who participate in them perceive the information presented. They must be aware of how employees feel about the training and programs offered to them, and they must understand the components that make up job training satisfaction from the employee standpoint. Employees use the trainings as a framework to base the company upon. Job satisfaction is a major factor in decisions regarding people’s careers; however it is naive to assume that people work primarily to achieve professional fulfillment and job satisfaction (Caruso, 2011). In fact, they seem to work because what they get on the job enables them to achieve whatever they want to achieve off the job. On the job, they must produce, which sometimes equals no enjoyment. Every person has different reasons for working. The reasons for working are as individual as the person. But, we all work because we obtain something that we need from work. The something obtained from work impacts morale, employee motivation, and the quality of life. To create positive employee motivation, treat employees as if they matter – because employees matter (Judge and Saari, 2008). These ideas will help you fulfill what people want from work and create employee motivation. Compensation levels and competiveness are higher than ever before and the casualties are factors like job satisfaction. Literature Review A satisfied or happy employee may begin to develop an approach of self-complacency, and an overall sense of well-being, and consequently, his temperament may reflect his disposition (Caruso, 2011). As a result, it is all too common to see that the productivity of the employee does not always closely follow his upward level of happiness. Does that mean that employers don’t want happy employees? No, however that don’t desire to gain employees that forget why they’re employed in the first place. Another important aspect of this situation is the level of constructive conflict. If properly used and applied in the organizational arena, the managerial imbedding of a limited degree of beneficial conflict does indeed shake these smug people and satisfied employees out of their fatigue and enables them to achieve a certain individuality of action. Viewed from the perspective of the organization the key issue is not having satisfied, happy employees but maximizing productivity, the bottom line being profit (Caruso, 2011). A generation of employees who feel entitled to employee satisfaction has entered the workforce and several generations of employees for whom work never quite fulfilled their dreams, are leaving. And, they are leaving in the worst of economic times which will affect their satisfaction with the rest of the quality of life they experience. This downward trend in job satisfaction raises concerns about the overall engagement of employees and ultimately employee productivity, retention, creativity, risk-taking, mentoring, and in overall employee motivation and interest in work. Factors contributing to employee satisfaction include treating employees with respect, providing regular employee recognition, empowering employees, offering above industry-average benefits and compensation, providing employee perks and company activities, and positive management within a success framework of goals, measurements, and expectations (Egan and Young, 2004). You can tell your colleagues, coworkers and or staff how much you value them and their contribution any day of the year. No occasion is required to tell someone job well done or keep up the outstanding efforts. In fact, small surprises and tokens of your appreciation spread throughout the year help you and the people in your work life feel valued all year long. Employee recognition is limited in most organizations (Egan and Young, 2004). At my place of employment, employees complain about the lack of recognition regularly. My supervisor would respond by asking, â€Å"Why should I recognize or thank her? She’s just doing her job. † These factors combine to create work places that fail to provide recognition for employees. Employers who prioritize employee recognition understand the power of recognition, because they see the adverse effect of it in the employee. HRD employee job satisfaction is situational. Employee job satisfaction depends on the company and its practices, the expectations and needs from work, the quality of the supervision, the health of the industry, the competitiveness of the job market, the state of the economy, the success of the company, your mentor resources, and more (Lleana and Simmons, 2008). The inconsistencies are what make employee job satisfaction so challenging. Since the day to day job cycle can’t be predicted, it’s safe to say that employee satisfaction can’t be either. Conclusion The most influential factor in job satisfaction appears to be the degree to which employees think their job makes good use of their skills and abilities. This is closely followed by the extent to which employees think the work they perform is meaningful. If employees believe their work and the work of their organization is important and makes good use of their skills, there is a very good chance they will be satisfied with their job, even if they are not as positive about other aspects of the job. The next major component of satisfaction appears to be whether employees believe they are treated with respect. Higher job satisfaction is associated with working conditions where employees believe their opinions count and where they receive recognition for the work they perform. Job satisfaction is related to how well an organization is managed. This component does not seem to work in isolation from job fit and respect. In other words, a well-managed organization does not turn into high job satisfaction scores in the absence of a good match between employees and the job, or under conditions where employees do not feel respected for what they do. When a lack of respect is felt amongst an employee, a lack of respect is shown for the job at hand whether it be through work performance, attitude, or respect reciprocated. HRD is a career field that requires one to interact with others on a daily basis. With that being said, one must always exhibit a pleasant persona for the simple fact that what they do has a major impact on the individuals that they come across. HRD is also a career field where you are constantly assisting others in job advancements and etc. within an organization, which to me is satisfying all within itself.

Ethical Standards Of Scientific Research - 1443 Words

(Ethical Standards of Scientific Research) When a person is asked what he/she thinks of ethics or morals they reply is usually right or wrong, many would give examples of ethics such as the Golden Rule (Do unto others as you would have them do unto you), a protocol of professional conduct in the healthcare industry is the Hippocratic Oath (First of all, do no harm), a religious creed in the Holy Bible is the Ten Commandments (Thou Shalt not kill...). The distinguish between right and wrong is typically learned at home, at school, in church, or in other social settings. Even though most people gain their sense of right and wrong during early childhood, moral growth transpires throughout life and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethical standards are so omnipresent that one might be tempted to regard them as simple common sense. On the other hand, if morality were nothing more than common sense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and issues in our society? There are three reasons why it is extremely important to adhere to ethical standards in research. First, ethical standards promote the objectives of research, such as knowledge, honesty, and avoidance of error. For example, preventions against fabricating, doctoring, or misrepresenting research information promote the truth and avoid error. Second, because research often includes a great deal of cooperation and coordination among numerous different people in differentShow MoreRelatedEthical Principles And Standards Of The Educational Research1130 Words   |  5 Pagesstages of research, from planning to evaluation of the research project; data collection methods as part of the investigative process must be guided by the ethical principles and standards of the educational research. 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Furthermore, what also attract the pharmaceutical companies to conduct their trails in developing countries is the less regulatory barriers for drug approval, in which the populationRead MoreEthical Decisions Regarding Sociology : An Important Aspect Of Society954 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Decisions Regarding Sociology Sociologists create an important aspect of society, as they study and research different behavioral trend and norms to understand how society functions. They conduct research and surveys to gain knowledge about the subjects they are studying. This can range from a variety of environments from government social work to the medical profession. When conducting these studies it is important for sociologists to hold to a standard of ethics that guards and protects

The Importance Of A Scoring System With Five Risk Areas

The approach I use involves a scoring system with five risk areas that are each scored from one to five, with five being the strongest (least risky) and 0 being the weakest (most risky). The sum of the scores total 25 points. A political risk score of 25/25 is a perfect score or a very safe investment. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is assigned a score of 9/25, meaning the island is a highly speculative investment. Support for each of the risk scores can be found below. Executive Summary Puerto Rico’s credit risk is speculative in a high degree and the situation on the island has reached crisis levels. The island’s government effectively defaulted on its bond obligations in June 2015, seriously limiting its ability to access the†¦show more content†¦The Spanish-American War put the island in the center of the shifting power dynamics between Spain and the United States. After a war and a quick victory, the United States assumed power over Puerto Rico and the two cultures began their complicated political and economic union. As a possession of the United States, the Commonwealth’s economy became directly and often times disproportionally affected by changes in United States policy. The dependent relationship was adopted by both sides with a series of incentives passed by congress that encouraged mainland investors to move money to the island, and the commonwealth passing its own incentive programs to attract mainland companies and invest ors. The result is today’s dysfunctional Puerto Rican economy that can be described as inefficient and noncompetitive. The Jones Act of 1920 was one of the major pieces of legislation that fostered the dependent relationship. The Act calls for all products entering or leaving the island by water to be transported by United States vessels. The law was intended as a protectionist measure for U.S. shipping companies, but it created a huge inefficiency where shipping companies will offload and reload products in Florida before heading towards the island. The result is significantly inflated prices on the island, a problem that still exist today, and the lost opportunity in Puerto Rico never developing its

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass the...

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An Analysis of the Formation of Identity You have seen how a man was made a slave; you will now see how a slave was made a man. Ââ€"Frederick Douglass The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave details the progression of a slave to a man, and thus, the formation of his identity. The narrative functions as a persuasive essay, written in the hopes that it would successfully lead to hastening the glad day of deliverance to the millions of [his] brethren in bonds (Douglass 331). As an institution, slavery endeavored to reduce the men, women, and children in bonds to a state less than human. The slave identity, according to the institution of slavery, was not†¦show more content†¦He is also unable to form his identity based on familial relations. Suspecting only that his father was a white man and that it was often whispered that [his] master was [his] father, Douglass was unable to name, let alone have a relationship with, his father (Douglass 255). Furthermore, Douglass writes that he and his mother were separated when he was a baby, and that he was never able to form a relationship with her because he saw her only four or five times (Douglass 256). Finally, he was also lacking a familial relationship with his siblings. He writes that the early separation of [all of them] from [their] mother had well nigh blotted the fact of [their] relationship from [their] memories (Douglass 272). Under slavery, slaves were not given the rights to family that many slaveholders took for granted. Any slave relationship could end at the whim of the master. Every slave family stood the possibility of being sold away from one another and never seeing each other again. Slave women were forbidden from disclosing the identity of a childs father if the father was a white man. If the child was descended from the master, he or she was considered no more human, and no more likely to be spared the trauma of being sold because slaveholders often bought women in childbearing years in order to increase the return on their investment when the children were sold. This created, on the part of Douglass, a lack

The role of nuclear energy in the field of medicine Free Essays

Nuclear energy is a type of energy which is released by a reaction called as nuclear reaction. There are two main types of nuclear reactions, one is called fission and the other one is fusion: In Fission reaction it releases a nuclear energy when a single heavy nucleus seperates into two smaller ones, causing energy to be released . The most common element used to undergo nuclear fission is uranium because uranium has many favorable properties. We will write a custom essay sample on The role of nuclear energy in the field of medicine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Uranium nuclei can be easily split by applying neutrons at them. The fission reaction is used to make heat for producing steam, which is then used by a turbine to generate electricity. but if in a fusion reaction a two single nuclei combines together to form another nucleus which is heavier. This reaction occurs only under very hot conditions. Nuclear fusion is used to generate a lot of energy in the form of light, hear and radiation. This energy supports life on our planet and it was the only energy early mankind used. 1) â€Å"What Is Nuclear Energy.† What Is Nuclear Energy. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. http://whatisnuclearenergy.net/. 2) â€Å"Nuclear Energy.† ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/nuclear_energy.html Picture 1: 1) Picture 2: â€Å"Free Energy: Nuclear Fusion in the Quran.† Pakalert Press. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. http://www.pakalertpress.com/2010/09/24/nuclear-fusion-in-the-quran/. Scientists have discovered that nuclear energy can be used in treating various diseases such as cancer, heart disease, endocrine, gastrointestinal and other abnormalities found inside the body. Nuclear energy provides a good solution in treating certain diseases affecting people in today’s world. In the field of Cardiopulmonary. Nuclear energy is used in scanning and visualizing blood flow and also heart function. In treating cancer diseases such as Melanoma and breast cancer, Nuclear energy can have their lymph mondes located first before doing the surgery. It can also find out whether there are respiratory problems and blood flow in lungs. Another major important use of Nuclear energy is for the treatment of various cancers such as Melanoma and breast cancer. Patients having Melanoma and breast cancer can have their lymph nodes found first before doing the surgery, thyroid cancer and tumors that spread to the bones are also cured by using Nuclear energy. In other diagnostic use of nuclear energy, Nuclear energy is used to evaluate tumors, arthritis, fractures and infenction of bones. Locating the area where there is an infection, identifying problems causing gallbladder inflammation and bleeding into the bowel can be treated using nuclear energy. It can also be used to investigate brain abnormalities, such as loss of memory, seizures and abnormalities in blood flow. â€Å"General Nuclear Medicine.† Nuclear Medicine, General. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=gennuclear. â€Å"How Is Nuclear Energy Used in Medicine?† Yahoo! Contributor Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. http://voices.yahoo.com/how-nuclear-energy-used-medicine-5892958.html. The effectiveness of using nuclear energy to solve diseases is very effective because for eg; if a patient having cancer undergoes surgery, before doing the surgery doctors need to locate the specific area where the cancer are located to do this X-ray tomography or (CT) scans work by using nuclear tracers to emmit gamma rays once the rays are inside the body, special cameras are able to pick up the emitted gamma rays and show to the photo of the organ or the part where the cancer is to the doctor. This helps the doctors to successfully treat the patient. Another more advanced technology called a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) isused in determining patients with cardiac conditions, problems in the brain and cancer, first positron-emitting radionuclides are injected into the patients body and then they gravitate to the organ and they begin to quickly decay. They emmit a positron and an electron from inside of the patients body an two very distinct gamma rays which the PET scans and forms an image. The photo helps doctors to locate where the problem is, this is more advanced than CT scans. Comparing methods like CT scans and PET scans to other methods like Endoscopic ultrasound and others to determine where the cancer is to methods like brain scan, the method of CT scans are likely to be more dangerous and may harm the patient because in CT scans they use contrast agents which are chemical substances that are exposed to the human body when they are running the test. Contrast agents like Iodine is the contrast agent which is the most commonly used contrast agent can cause allergic reactions to some patients which includes a rash, a warm sensation or even in a worst case scenario difficulty to breathe normally. Also in CT scans it involves patients to get exposed to ionizing radiation which is known to cause cancer. This becomes a problem for people who need multiple scans and also for children because children are more sensitive to radiation than to adults. So even though CT scans can help doctors to locate where the disease is they aren’t that reliable and can be harmful as well if they are not used properly. â€Å"Symptoms Diagnosis.† Symptoms Diagnosis. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. http://www.braintumor.org/patients-family-friends/about-brain-tumors/symptoms-and-diagnosis.html. Cioffi, Rebecca. â€Å"How Does Nuclear Medicine Actually Kill Cancer Cells?† EHow. Demand Media, 30 Apr. 2009. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4966096_medicine-actually-kill-cancer-cells.html. Social: The use of CT scans to perform scans inside the body for the location of diseases inside the body can be very useful and can help to treat the patients. But CT scans are high tech devices and are very expensive which are only available in developed countries, for poorer countries like in Africa have no technology and money to get CT scanners and have to rely on alternative solutions to cure their diseases, Which sometimes give inaccurate results. Environment: CT scanners need nuclear energy to produce the image inside the patient’s body. Nuclear energy is one of the world’s most efficient energy producer and electricity. This helps the society very much. But nuclear energy also can cause a great deal amount of damage to the environment. If a CT scanner has a gamma ray leak out it can cause greenhouse gas emissions to rise and harm the environment. Crops and drinking water exposed to gamma ray can cause lung tumor and thyroid cancer if consumed, Animals and marine life will be affected by it also, so people who are responsible for maintenance of the scanners must maintain the machine well or not there will be a great consequence to face. From making this essay I came to know about the great use of nuclear power in the field of medicine, They can detect cancer, tumor and hemorrhage inside a person’s body and help doctors in treating them. But I also learnt that there is a limitation to this technology because some people have allergic reactions from nuclear energy and if exposed too much to a person’s body instead of treating the disease it can cause one, so we must be responsible using this strong energy. How to cite The role of nuclear energy in the field of medicine, Papers

Emergency Preparedness Disaster Management Cycle

Question: Discuss about the Emergency Preparedness for Disaster Management Cycle. Answer: Disaster Management Cycle Dangertown experiences the preparedness stage in the disaster management cycle. Dangertown has experienced severe rain due to which the banks have burst. Housing developments on the flood plains have worsened the effects of flooding. Moreover, previous floods in the current year contaminated the towns water. The town is prone to floods due to which there is a need to achieve a satisfactory level of preparedness or readiness to respond to emergency situations (Whybark, 2015). Figure 1: Disaster Management Cycle Source: (Whybark, 2015) Identification of Hazards From the given scenario, it is analyzed that Dangertown faces several risks as the town has extensive refinery production capacity. Injury or illness - With the exposure of Hydrogen Sulfide in the air, the people in the town shall be exposed to toxic gases that could lead to life-threatening situations if not handled effectively (Lim et al., 2016). Fatality - Much of the industrial installation in the Dangertown Refinery is old and there have been a number of accidents and deaths in the previous years. Critical Facilities- The toxic emissions of the gas would also lead to closure of schools and offices as the people in the community would complain of nausea and headaches (Smith 2013). Lifeline- Hydrogen sulfide gas may mix in the flood water thereby contaminating it for few weeks. Property damage- The property such as homes and corporate buildings can be damaged due to floods (Smith 2013). Environmental impact- The gas is highly flammable and produces toxic gases when burnt causing severe environmental damage (Smith 2013). Hazard and Risk Analysis Hazard Impacts Likelihood Consequence Severity Total Health Business Fatality Due to Hydrogen Sulfide gas explosion in the oil and gas refinery, the deaths have been caused people previously. The gas is highly flammable and with increased or uncontrolled concentration of H2S in the air, it can lead to further deaths. The effects depend on the level and time of exposure to the gas. Increased concentrations lead to death. The flood also has a chance of creating a mudslide as the mountains lie at the western edge of the down that can tragically cause deaths (Osha.gov, 2016). 5 2 - 10 Injury or Illness In the previous times, the leak of gas has affected the community. The industrial installation in Dangertown Refinery is old and is prone to accidents. The illness depends on the level of concentration of the toxic gas and there are possible impacts such as nausea, conjunctivitis, loss of smell, paralysis, knockdown or airway problems (Osha.gov, 2016). Floods can cause water-borne as well as vector-borne diseases such as typhoid, malaria, yellow fever and various others (Who.int, 2016). 6 3 - 18 Critical Facilities Critical facilities such as schools would be affected as the air quality is hampered. The children would get nausea and headache as the air would be unfit to breathe. The gas is colorless and odorless due to which the gas cannot be detected easily. The presence of the gas can be felt with the deteriorating health (Miller, 2015). 4 - 2 8 Lifelines The chemical property of hydrogen sulfide allows the gas to dissolve in water. As the gas can dissolve in water, it has a risk of mixing in the water pipelines or water supply from which the town receives water. The town is prone to floods which too causes hindrance in the water and power supply. The power can be interrupted for a few days while water supply can be interrupted for a few weeks (Velasco, Cabello, Russo, 2015). 4 - 3 12 Property Damage Floods cause damage to property in the form of damage to homes and businesses. In the given case scenario, Dangertown has ongoing housing developments on the flood plains thereby worsening the effects of flooding. Floods affect the existing paved streets, roads, buildings, vehicles and land. The primary and secondary effects may result in damage to bridges, canals, sewerage systems, roadways, and transport infrastructure. The town would suffer from land infertility as a major issue due to erosion of top soil (Penning-Rowsell et al., 2012). 4 - 1 4 Environmental Impact Floods impact the natural environment negatively as it causes loss of biodiversity and wildlife in the flooded region. The habitat potential and food present in the ecosystem is damaged. Riverbank erosion shall cause degradation of sedimentation. The local infrastructure is also affected thereby hampering the landscape. The emission of hydrogen sulfide also leads to delirious effects on plant survival and growth (Lisjak et al., 2016). 5 - 3 15 Economic and Social Impact Flooding of areas leads to several socio-economic negative impacts. Floods lead to damage of human life, livestock, crop destruction, deterioration of health condition and various others. The commutation to places within the town becomes difficult as there are hindrances in vehicles. The costs of removal of property and increased vulnerability would increase living cost. The people might have to relocate thereby suffering mass migration. The flood victims would also be psychologically affected as it can deeply affect their children and family. The economic losses can traumatize and cause stress (Rojas, Feyen, Watkiss, 2013). 4 - 2 8 Risk Profile Frequency 6 Injury or Illness 5 Fatality Environ-mental Impact 4 Property Damage Critical Facilities Economic and Social Impact Lifelines 3 2 1 Consequence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Risk Reduction Measures As discussed in the previous sections, floods can cause severe financial and economic losses. The above risk profile indicates that the people of Dangertown must be prepared for any emergency. Instead of putting emphasis on designing safety into the system from the beginning, the major emphasis instead is placed on recovery from adverse events or investigating them after they occur. Six steps can be followed to reduce risk for people in Dangertown (Ericson, 2015). Firstly, there is a need to understand the risk. The people must be educated about the types of risk. Secondly, a scheme must be planned to manage the identified risk and hazard. Next, the property in the risky areas must be surveyed. Fourthly, design and specification must be compiled for risk management (Chen Wu, 2015). However, a few risk reduction measures can be adopted by the oil and gas refineries to prevent spills: A systems approach can be followed for improving or enhancing the learning process in the industry. The industries can conduct a hazard analysis called HAZOP (Ericson, 2015). The technological and operational design must be improved for maintenance and performance audits. The maintenance and safety equipment must be standardized. The company safety management system must be enhanced. In this given scenario, the factory had a faulty valve that led to toxic gas leakage. The factories must conduct an overall assessment and audit of physical structures. The entire factory must be repaired and no faulty valves must be present. The safety engineers must be integrated into operational decision making. The industry must conduct strong safety programs and engineers must advise the management for both short-term and long-term engineering designs. New safety implications of decisions on operations must be made. The organizational culture of the organizations must be enhanced. The management com mitment to safety must be legitimately followed (Ericson, 2015). Flood prevention is necessary as it causes severe damage. For reducing risk of floods, warnings and watch notice must be provided so that the people get sufficient time to evacuate the regions. The management must not wait for the catastrophic event to happen. The weather conditions must be regularly checked at locations of high-risk. The weather reports must be monitored and broadcasted in the local news media (Ericson, 2015). The communities must also educate the people on the methods and commutation to evacuate the place. Strategic designation of such flood ways, with policies that compensate people who live within them, can be critical to reducing the damage of massive floods. A big piece of this measure includes the protection, restoration and reconnection of floodplains, which is some of the richest habitat in the world. This obviously has the additional benefit of letting floodplains do what they do best: take in water when the river is high (Chen et al., 2012). Requirement for Emergency Plan According to the risks identified in the risk profile form, there is a need to create a plan for managing hazards as the risks involved in the scenario can cause disruption in human, economic and environmental forces. There is a need to reduce the intensity of the risk through community awareness and protection of vulnerable structures. The emergency plan for risk management can help in guiding people during an emergency. The planning process shall help in managing resources such as food supplies, equipment and training personnel. The emergency plan shall help in preventing fatalities and injuries, protecting the environment, accelerating resumption of normal operations and reducing damage to properties. The planning process involves a health and safety committee that shall help in efficient communication, periodic drills and ensure adequate performance (Kim, 2014). References Chen, J., Guo, S., Li, Y., Liu, P., Zhou, Y. (2012). Joint Operation and Dynamic Control of Flood Limiting Water Levels for Cascade Reservoirs.Water Resour Manage,27(3), 749-763. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0213-z Chen, S. Wu, C. (2015). Annual landslide risk and effectiveness of risk reduction measures in Shihmen watershed, Taiwan.Landslides,13(3), 551-563. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0588-z Ericson, C. (2015).Hazard analysis techniques for system safety. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. Kim, H. (2014). 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